What´s Urinary Tract Infections?

Urinary tract infection also referred to as UTI is the second most common infection in the body. The urinary tract system in your body which includes the bladder and kidneys makes urine and carries it out of your body. When germs get into the urinary tract system an infection is typically formed. UTI’s are usually caused when unwanted bacteria enters through the urethra and begins to multiply (www.mayoclinic.org). The bacteria that are normally found in the large intestine and feces are the most common source of a UTI. Sexual intercourse is one of the common causes of urinary tract infections for women, causing bacteria to move up into the urinary tract. Sometimes in a hospital setting a patient who is on a catheter can also get a urinary tract infection.

Most urinary tract infections are primarily caused by bacteria that live in the bowel region of the body. The bacterium Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as “E. coli”, causes most UTIs. The urinary tract has several systems to prevent infection. The points where the ureters attach to the bladder act as only one way valves to prevent urine from moving back up toward the kidneys. Urination is intended to wash microbes and any infectious bacteria out of the body. In males, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow down bacterial growth in the urinary tract. In both woman and men, immune defenses try to prevent infections, but despite these safety procedures put in place by the body, infections still do occur in some individuals.

Nearly 1 in 3 women will have had at least 1 episode of UTI requiring antimicrobial therapy by the age of 24 years. Specific subpopulations at increased risk of UTI include infants, pregnant women, the elderly, patients with spinal cord injuries and/or catheters, patients with diabetes or multiple sclerosis, patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus, and patients with underlying urologic abnormalities. There are important medical and financial implications associated with UTIs. In the nonobstructed, nonpregnant female adult, acute uncomplicated UTI is believed to be a benign illness with no long-term medical consequences. However, UTI elevates the risk of pyelonephritis, premature delivery, and fetal mortality among pregnant women, and is associated with impaired renal function and end-stage renal disease among pediatric

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can develop into a very uncomfortable and very bothersome condition. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and/or urethra. These organs play an important role in filtering blood and eliminating waste from the body. The kidneys are a pair of small bean shaped organs located on both sides of the spine at waist level. They have several important functions in the body, including removing waste and excess water from the blood and eliminating them as urine. The ureters are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Lastly, the bladder. The bladder's walls relax and grow to store urine, and contract and compress to empty urine through the urethra. The urethra allows urine to pass outside the body.

A Urinary tract infection (UTI) including the bladder and kidneys, is an infection that encompasses the entire urinary system. The kidneys and bladder filter the blood to make Urine. A urinary catheter is a thin tube placed in the bladder to drain urine. Urine drains through the tube into a bag where the urine collects. When the whole system is compromised, a patient can become very ill. A catheter provides a link between the outside environment and a usually sterile system. Now that the catheter is in place, microorganisms are no longer removed by normal voiding. Germs do not usually live in the region of the urinary system, but when they are re-introduced through the absence of voiding, infection becomes a problem. A urinary catheter may be used when you cannot urinate on your own, to measure the amount of urine you produce, during and after certain types of surgery and during testing of the urinary system. Health care associated infections(HAIs) are an on-going issue, specifically the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Simply put, those with catheters have a higher chance of obtaining a CAUTI than patients who do not.

Clinically UTIs are subdivided into two main categories, uncomplicated and complicated. An uncomplicated UTI is defined as one occurring in a generally healthy, nonpregnant premenopausal woman with a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract. This type can undoubtedly be treated with antimicrobials, but developing antimicrobial resistances make treatments progressively troublesome (Wanget al., 2013).

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, which includes the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay (Drekonja, 2010, p. 31). A urinary catheter is a drainage tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. A catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract through the catheter and causes infection. Common signs of UTIs are urgency, frequency and dysuria. These voiding symptoms will not be present in patients with indwelling catheters. Symptoms that may help classifying a CAUTI would be fever or hypothermia, suprapubic tenderness, or costovertebral angle pain or tenderness (Tillekeratne, 2014, p. 13). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections cause increased healthcare costs, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Infections can be acquired in many ways such as, on insertion of the catheter via cross contamination or accidental catheterization into the vagina, not ensuring aseptic technique, catheter care and maintenance, and cross-contamination when emptying the drainage bags. There are many ways to decrease the risk of catheter-associated UTIs and nurses play a major role in reducing these risks in order to prevent harm and save lives. To improve clinical care and reduce the risks of

A urinary tract infection is an infection in any part of the urinary system such as the kidneys, bladder, or the urethra. A urinary tract infection can also be abbreviated as UTI.

Research indicates that urinary tract infection (UTI) is the third most common infection experienced by humans after gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. It is also the most common precursor of community-acquired and nosocomial infections for all patients admitted to healthcare facilities. Foxman and Buxton (2013) have indicated that for better management and prognosis of this prominent problem, it is crucial to understand the possible site of the infection; whether it is an upper or lower UTI. This study focuses on the difference between pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions among patients with lower uncomplicated UTI, focusing on female patients from 18 to 30 years old, which is the population most affected by this

Many women who developed urinary tract infections after sexual intercourse reported using condoms, spermicide, and diaphragm and these barriers had no effect on the development of the UTI. Studies show that certain contraceptives can irritate delicate tissues and make them more susceptible to infection, by creating an environment where the bacteria can thrive (Sex and the UTI Connection,

Good hygiene is very critical for maintaining optimal urinary health. Urinary tract infections are typically treated with antibiotics. The type of drug used and the duration mainly depends on the type of bacteria that is found in your urine. Antibiotics are drugs that help fight bacterial infections. If you have a simple (uncomplicated) infection you will most likely receive the antibiotics in the form of a pill. If you have a more serious blood infection then it will be administered intravenously (through a vein). Bactrim and Cipro are commonly prescribed antibiotics, due to their ability to help get rid of certain bacteria that are common to urinary tract infections. Other drugs such as Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin,

Urinary Tract Infections, or UTIs, is the leading cause of painful urination. It is a common problem for women, and vConfidence has the solution with non-invasive procedures designed to treat UTIs.

According to the article URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. (2012). “ Pyelonephritis is a and a common bacterial upper urinary tract infections in children, with recurrence being the highest concern in girls. The dominant causes of the infection are E.Coli, gram negative rods, and organisms that can enter the urethral tube and can damage the kidney or the lining of the urethra.” The bacterial infection enters into the bladder and advances into the kidneys causing an increase in fever, vomiting, apathy, and dysuria, which can lead to sepsis.

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract

Urinary tract infection is an infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, and/or urethra. Usually, patients’ lower urinary tract, such as the bladder and the urethra, get infected more often. UTI is more common in females than males because the females’ urinary tract is much closer to the outer layers of the skin than males. In other words, women are more likely get UTI due their urethra and vagina are closer to their anus, which makes it more susceptible to infection caused by E-coli bacteria from the anus (CCBC).