Wholesale Funding, Bank Runs And Liquidity Freezes

For centuries, banks have relied on fractional reserve banking. This is the method in which only a fraction of a bank’s deposits are actually backed by a reserve of cash-on-hand, available for immediate withdrawal. This procedure allows the bank more capital to lend and at the same time, grows the economy. The reserve amounts are determined by a ratio stipulated by the Federal Reserve. In theory, fractional reserve banking works most of the time. However, in difficult economic times, people have demanded to withdraw

This paper is about how did “Shadow Banking” precipitate the financial Crises. Then discusses the impacts of the crisis on the major financial institutions.

“There are many factors that led to the build up of the crisis. At the top of the list is excess liquidity, resulting in too much credit and weak underwriting standards. The vulnerability of the banking

We all know from our course that leverage and liquidity risks of financial institutions are vulnerable to the crisis. The financial crisis that emerged in 2007 had many and varied causes, but one of its most

Yes, market perception of liquidity is more important for an investment bank than for traditional manufacturing or distribution business. In terms of liabilities, most investment banks fund themselves in the interbank markets where they borrow money from each other, and this type of funding is usually short-term. The assets on the investment bank balance sheet are generally more long-term. Therefore, it is essential that these investment banks have enough liquidity in their assets to compensate for the maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities. When investment banks, like Bear Stearns, were being funded in the interbank market while holding illiquid mortgage backed securities, the perceived illiquid situation would trigger the phenomenon of “run on the banks” as the others banks doubted their ability to pay back liabilities in time. Institutions will start to stop lending and ask for money which will increase liquidity need with limited methods to fund for this need.

banking system similar resembles the interconnected aspects forming in the 19th century US banking system, and ultimately, the same outcome will bring about a panic. Due to the nature of such an interconnected system, when Bank A goes on a run, it caused correspondent banks to pull their money out of Bank A until Bank A can no longer afford to make payments and it fails. This stems a panic as people notice Bank A failed and begin pulling their money out of all the banks at once, fearing their bank is the next one to go bankrupt, causing the money to simply leave the system opposed to move around internally. These consequences force the banks to seek outside money, of which they went to their correspondent banks in London which received funding

The recent financial crisis has a huge impact on systemic Important Financial Institutions; it’s distressing effect can be felt in almost every business area and process of a bank. A fairly large literature investigates the impact of financial crisis on large, complex and interconnected banks. The great recession did affect banks in different ways, depending on the funding capability of each bank. Kapan and Minoiu (2013) find that banks that were ex ante more dependent on market funding and had lower structural liquidity reduced supply of credit more than other banks during crisis. The ability of banks to generate interest income during the financial crisis was hampered because there was a vast reduction in bank lending to individuals and

Many nations have implemented deposit insurance for the protection of the depositors from losses that result from the inability of a bank to meet its debts. As an element of safety net in the banking system, deposit insurance is meant to increase financial stability. A Deposit Insurance system (DIS) main objective is to make sure that that firms and households do not loose savings as well as deposits they hold in banks in case of bank insolvency (Fdic.gov, 2014). It creates some confidence within the financial system and promotes favorable services by banks. Therefore, DIS is not meant just for the protection of depositors in a single bank but also ensure overall financial stability. Borrowed money is increasing becoming the main source

In this essay I am going to discuss the effects of shadow banking on the recent financial crisis of 2007-8. Shadow banking was one of the major causes of the financial crisis since it was the subprime mortgages which was the first trigger of the collapse in the banking system. Through this essay I am to achieve a detailed analysis of why the shadow banking was one of the causes in the financial crisis and why was it not prevented by any regulation enforced. The basis of shadow banking system is that it occurs when financial intermediaries conduct transformation of maturity, credit and liquidity without having access to the central bank liquidity guarantees or even public sector credit. Maturity transformation: obtaining short-term funds to

In this essay I will be addressing the “Too Big To Fail” (TBTF) problem in the current banking system. I will be discussing the risks associated with this policy, and the real problems behind it. I will then examine some solutions that have been proposed to solve the “too big to fail” problem. The policy ‘too big to fail’ refers to the idea that a bank has become so large that its failure could cause a disastrous effect to the rest of the economy, and so the government will provide assistance, in the form of perhaps a bailout/oversee a merger, to prevent this from happening. This is to protect the creditors and allow the bank to continue operating. If a bank does fail then this could cause a domino effect throughout

In the most basic definitions of economics, the United States’s Financial system is broken down into approximately five groups: the households, the firms, the market for factors of production, the market of goods and services, and the government. Within these groups, there is a constant flow that progresses in a circle through all of these groups in order to keep the economy running smoothly. This system is based on the notion that both consumers and producers need to come together to transact. However, buyers don’t always have the money they need to buy supplies, and sellers don’t always have the money to produce products or provide services. When this occurs, it is important for both investors and banks to offer aid in order to prevent

When the financial crisis during 2008 hit the economy, people panicked. In an attempt to stabilize the market, the government took action. The various actions taken in 2008 by the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve Bank, as well as the new regulations proposed and implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission, were generated to reduce and mitigate the systemic risk created by the Money Market Mutual Funds. These actions and regulations, as well as the systemic risk created, will be addressed during the upcoming paragraphs.

Following the crisis of Fannie Mae and Freddie Macin Summer 2007, which is the beginning of the financial crisis of 2008, John et al (2012) find that Bank of England kept on providing liquidity to banks and making an exchange between high-quality assets and Treasury Bills through liquidity support operations and financial innovations which were also used by many other central banks. Adopting this approach means that Bank of England can make the financial sectors more easily to receive financing on such circumstance (Joyce

This chapter is about the background of 2007-2008 financial crisis. The 2007-2008 financial crisis has a huge impact on US banking system and how the banks operate and how they are regulated after the financial turmoil. This financial crisis started with difficulty of rolling over asset backed commercial papers in the summer of 2007 due to uncertainty on the liquidity of mortgage backed securities and questions about the soundness of banks and non-bank financial institutes when interest rate continued to go up at a faster pace since 2004. In March 2008 the second wave of liquidity loss occurred after US government decided to bailout Bear Stearns and some commercial banks, then other financial institutions took it as a warning of financial difficulty of their peers. In the meantime banks started hoarding cash and reserve instead of lending out to fellow banks and corporations. The third wave of credit crunch which eventually brought down US financial system and spread over the globe was Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy in August 2008. Many major commercial banks in US held structured products and commercial papers of Lehman Brother, as a result, they suffered a great loss as Lehman Brother went into insolvency. This panic of bank insolvency caused loss of liquidity in both commercial paper market and inter-bank market. Still banks were reluctant to turn to US government or Federal Reserve as this kind of action might indicate delicacy of

Typically, financial markets in developed countries are liquid; however, in the US during the Global Financial Crisis [GFC], many homeowners were unable to sell their houses due to declining prices and falling demand, so the housing market became illiquid (Currie, 2011). The GFC demonstrated how volatile liquidity can be and that “liquidity disruption could be system-wide,” seen by its global effect (Bessis, 2015). During the GFC, there was also a systemic bank crisis. At a bank’s perspective, liquidity is the