Why Are Evidence Rules Important

. For up to 90 years, arousal is another method of lie detection, which attempts to identify lying through nonverbal cues to deception (e.g. electrodermal activity, heart rate, movement) (DePaulo et al., 2003; Vrij, 2008). The underlying theory is that the act of lying increases anxiety and nervousness levels (Zuckerman et al., 1981; Vrij, Fisher, Mann, & Leal, 2006), which may be reflected in physiological cues to anxiety or behavioural activity related to nervousness (Vrij, 2014). For example, previous research has found that in comparison with truth-tellers, liars display increased heart rate and increased skin response (Vrij et al., 2014) and decreased movement (Sporer & Schwandt, 2007). The polygraph is perhaps the best known investigative

Polygraph- an electronic instrument Taft records physiological arousal from multiple channels, it is often used as a kid detector the signals are kicked oh by denies attached to different parts of the body. Rubber tubes are strapped around a suspects torso to measure breathing, blood pressure cuffs are wrapped around the upper arm do measure pulse rate abs electrodes ads places on fingertips to record sweat-gland activity or perspiration these signals are send by amplifies and can be seen usually it's to detect deception. But not full-proof sometimes truthful people fail the test and people who understand the test can fake the

An expert witness’s expertise, training and special knowledge of a subject allows them to be give opinion is court. There is an exception to the rule against witnesses presenting anything but fact. Regardless, an expert witness’s opinion must be unbiased and bases solely on their special knowledge, train, and expertise in the field. The

All States require certain evidence for different criminal and civil cases but states do not come up with their own rules. According to the article, What are the Rules of Evidence, (2016), the Federal Rules of Evidence govern the admissibility of evidence in federal trials, but state rules of evidence are largely modeled after the federal rules. The most important thing about evidence is getting the right evidence need for the case and is the evidence going to help you in the long run. Many times lawyers lose a case because of the evidence or the failure to disclose the evidence. In some cases the evidence used was not enough or not right for that case and that will also cause a lawyer to lose a case.

Psychologists also consult with interrogators on the application of polygraph tests and the analysis of the results. Although polygraph testing is used frequently in local and federal agencies, it is not supported by the scientific community as a majority of scientists believe that the tests are not “theoretically sound”, that they do not have a high validity and that the test could be beaten as a result. Again, this application does not seem to compromise code of ethics either.

The evidence collected in an investigation helps make or break a case. Although sometimes the evidence is not physical it can still be powerful. Graat v. The Queen, [1982] 2 SCR 819, 1982 CanLII (SCC) is a case where the crown used opinion evidence in order to win their case. Opinion evidence is hard to make admissible in court because of the exceptions that arise from it. If the witness is an expert in the matter he/she does not need to have seen the event to give his/her opinion and may use the terms “I think or I believe” to be described as opinion evidence. (Bartley, 2016) The observations made, by the witnesses involved, influence their opinions. Their knowledge on the matter, although not experts also influenced their opinions.

Evidence should be such that it would be possible for a reasonable fact finder to reach

Many different types of evidence are used in court, for example; direct, circumstantial, and real or physical evidence. The most important evidence used in court would be forensic evidence. In “Forensic: Evidence, Clues, and Investigation” by Andrea Campbell, forensic evidence is explained.

A polygraph is a diagnostic instrument that records physiological changes in a person caused by stress. It relies upon measuring the body's involuntary responses which occur when the subject is consciously being deceptive or untruthful when answering questions. This instrument was first invented in 1921 by John Augustus Larson and ever since law-enforcement agencies have began using them in their hiring processes. In addition, polygraph test are admissible in certain states and in federal court at the discretion of the trial judge. States like California, Arizona, Nevada, Georgia, and Florida allow the tests if everyone stipulates to their use and agrees to admit the results

Evidence given by witnesses is usually verbal, and describes what the witness understands about the case; witness testimony is direct evidence (second-hand knowledge is not acceptable).

The article "Is A Polygraph Test Admissible as Evidence" states, "some polygraph administrators, particularly in law enforcement, are given training on how to induce a false positive response," which implies that even the police have ways to trick the exams ("Is A"). The test can be tricked by the way examiners ask or the way they word questions. Honest people fail because they are more nervous about the real questions that the 'control' questions. There are even websites that teach how to beat the test, for instance "Polygraph FAQ" states, "the key to beating a polygraph exam is 1) to make no damaging admissions and 2) to subtly augment one's physiological responses to the 'control' questions ("Polygraph FAQ"). There are multiple places that you can find ways to pass. Some places even have full out, in person classes on tricking and passing polygraph tests. Someone could be lying through their teeth, but if they can stay calm during the test, they can pass because of the tricks that can be

My question for my project was does lying show/create a physical reaction in the body? With the information, I have gathered I have determined that the physical reactions the body can produce when lying consists of the difference in breathing, covering the face, avoiding eye contact, an action that distracts them from the conversation such as hair twirling and nail biting. I have also determined that the three factors taken into account for a polygraph/lie detector are perspiration/sweat, heart rate, and blood pressure.

While the courts have been slow to accept polygraphs, others have embraced them. Polygraph tests have gained general acceptance in the scientific fields of psychology and psychophysiology and in the areas of those disciplines devoted to credibility assessment. Psychophysiological credibility assessment, commonly known as polygraph testing, has long passed the experimental stage.

The laws of evidence are crucial in both governing and administrating justice. They have been carefully developed through many different statutory obligations and also developed through the common law. It can be argued that the main aims of evidence are to fairly and justly seek the truth to a crime, and if the court finds so, prosecute the accused. However, it can be noted that in both criminal and civil crimes, the laws of evidence are centred around protecting the accused of misconduct, with commonly the

In chapter one of this text, it discusses the development and history of the law of criminal evidence. The majority of the rules in evidence were created in the courts of England. Today, persons charged with criminal offenses are presumed innocent until proven guilty. Defendants today can admit or be in denial from a charge, and if the charge is in fact denied, then the government must come forward with substantial, reliable, and valid information showing this person is in fact guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. However, the rules and regulations now were not always present. They progressed maturely over the course of history, many were embedded into what is known as common law, and a lot them were created as a piece of the Constitution on the