Why Do Antibacterial Cells Eukaryotic And Bacterial Cells Contain Flagella

The plasma membrane surrounds all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have membrane bounded organelles whereas prokaryotic cells do not. The plasma membrane forms the boundary between the cell cytoplasm and the environment. Its function are to allow different environments to be established inside and outside the cell. It also controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

“Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or

Distinctions in the micro-organisms structure can be pivotal to not only the function of the pathogen within the body, but also the means by which it may spread.

To attack its host, the bacterium needs multiple bacteria to disable victim’s cells so it can reproduce. It attacks the cells because it cannot survive outside of a host organism (Plague p7). The lethality of the disease is high but it can be treated if it is noticed before the symptoms become deadly (Newquist 240).

Instead of being recognized and attacked by T cells, bacteria are recognized and attacked by complement proteins. “Complement proteins assist in bacterial killing via three pathways, the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway or the lectin pathway. The first steps of the classical complement pathway require the binding of antibodies to the surface of the target bacterium” (Immune, 2016). At this point, the antibodies are handled by protein complexes which bind to the surface of the invader (much the same as the process of T cells in viruses). In other words, the body goes through a similar reaction of identifying and then attempting to destroy the invader, including the formation of a membrane attack complex. “MAC can insert into the cell membrane of Gram-negative, but not Gram-positive, bacteria. There, it produces pores that allow the entry of membrane damaging molecules, such as lysozyme, and makes the bacterium susceptible to osmotic lysis” (Immune,

Bacteria can be a scary thing, but some people do not even know what bacteria is but doctors have created antibiotics to destroy it. “Many people are unaware what bacteria are and how antibiotics control them.”(Voss, Bristol) Basically bacteria a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease. Antibiotics are used to destroy bacteria, but if a person is prescribed too many antibiotics they may become immune to antibiotics forever and have to live without a strong immune system. Antibiotics attacks bacteria by preventing it from building a wall to defend itself from the body's immune system. So the body’s immune system can easily kill the bacteria.

There are, however, certain bacteria that are resistant towards antibiotics without changing their genes. Certain bacteria are resistant to some antibiotics naturally, and this happens in the case that the bacteria are too strong to kill with a weak antibiotic. Whenever this occurs, patients will normally be prescribed a more powerful antibiotic. This also happens when the colonies of bacteria are too large in comparison to the amount of antibiotic, and taking a higher dosage of antibiotic can help this.

Cell wall of bacteria contains rigid and complex structure which maintains the cytoplasm of cell gives structural integrity and prevents osmotic lysis. Both Garm positive and Gram negative bacteria contain a carbohydrate complex structure called Peptidoglycan also called Muerin. The layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria whereas in Gram negative bacteria the peptidoglyacan layer is thinner; moreover this is protected by an outer membrane layer called Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Peptidoglycan consists of two monomers called N-Acetylglucosamine(NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic acid(NAM). These two carbohydrate containing monomers are linked by glycosidic linkages. A pentapeptide bond attaches to NAM which gives crosslinkage and rigidity to the layer.

There has been research conducted that shows how the treatment can be worse than the actual ailment or disorder. In the early 1900s surgeon and researcher William Coley, put a passive bacteria into one of his cancer patients, which became known as the “Coley’s toxin (Nybo, 2015).” The toxin caused the tumor to reduced in size and the patients who took the medication remained cancer-free. When other studies were done it showed that having the anti tumor showed that several bacteria selectively attach to a solid tumor. The bacteria attached itself to the tumor cell which killed off some of the tumor cells and showed that using a bacteria, in this case the Salmonella bacteria that it can help make an improvement finding a cure for cancer. With different bacteria’s tested, one of the more promising bacteria was Salmonella enterica that showed a good sign of being used for cancer treatment. However using the bacteria can cause some other problem like food poising, it usually happens after you have eaten bad food that has either spoiled or can also occur if meat is not fully cooked. However new research studies done have shown with some modifications the Salmonella bacteria can actually reduce or kill the cancer cell. In another study done in Senior Siegfried Weiss decided to reduce the Salmonella enterica by getting rid of some of the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis which is essentially a molecule where lipids and polysaccharides are linked together. LPS can cause sepsis

These mutations, no matter what process that has led to their occurrence, block the action of antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action (1). Currently, antibiotics attack bacteria through one of two mechanisms. In both mechanisms the antibiotic enters the microbe and interferes with production of the components needed to form new bacterial cells. Some antibiotics act on the cell membrane, causing increased permeability and leakage of cell contents. Other antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in cells. They block one or more of the steps involved in the transformation of nucleic acids into proteins.

There are two significant alternate approaches we could use to target and kill bacteria. One potential alternate approach to the treatment of infectious disease is utilizing monoclonal antibodies to supplement our own immune systems. Monoclonal antibodies are pure cultures of antibodies (the body’s primary foreign substance detection molecules) artificially produced to react to a single specific substance or protein. By utilizing monoclonal antibodies to treat bacterial infection, we would be flagging the bacteria for the body’s immune system to come kill them. As the body already flags bacteria to some extent, all monoclonal antibodies can do is enhance the activity of the immune system, which would be ineffective in people with compromised immune systems. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies would have to be developed for each individual strain of bacteria, and bacteria could easily change and render the antibody useless. While it would

The bacterial cell wall is the outer layer of the cell that aids in structural support and protection from the outside environment. Bacteria can be identified by the structure of their cell wall and classified into two groups known to have different cell wall types. Two of these types are referred to as the Gram positive and Gram negative cell wall.

The bacterium evolved by loosing its genes converting it from a free-living microbe into a pathogen. It needs the host’s nutrients in order to survive. The bacterium latches itself onto the host epithelial cells by a 160 kDa type 1 pilli. The pilli, located on a specific organelle on the polar region of the

In all areas of biology, it is easy to see that structure is related to function. This statement holds true in microbiology as well, the study of microorganisms, including bacteria. One characterizing feature of bacteria is the cell wall, which can generally (although not in all situations) be categorized into one of two categories: either Gram positive or Gram negative. Gram positive bacteria’s cell walls are composed of a large peptidoglycan layer (up to 90% of their cell wall). Within this large peptidoglycan layer, one can find techoic acids, which contribute to the maintenance of cell wall structure, and lipotechoic acids, which attach to membrane lipids. Gram positive bacteria that act as pathogens can also potentially release exotoxins, which can have very dangerous effects on humans. Gram negative bacteria, on the other hand, have a very small layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, which is surrounded by an outer membrane. Within the outer membrane, one can find the lipopolysaccharide layer, which is one of the most distinguishing factors of Gram-negative bacteria. It is important to note that Gram negative bacteria fail to possess techoic

Although both Archaeal and bacterial cells possess flagella for motility, the composition of each organism’s flagellum is very different. In bacterial cell, the flagellum is composed of a basal body, external protein filaments both are joined together by a third component called the hook.(Bacteria Flagella David Gene Morgan , Shahid Khan). In Archaeal, the protein filament is polymerised, glycosylated and very much thinner. The Archaeal flagellum is believed to be similar to the bacteria IV pilus in structure.(www.uniprot.org/keywords/974).