Why Do We Use Chloramines?

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring chlorine dioxide and chlorite, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to chlorine dioxide and chlorite. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well-established methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis. Many of the analytical methods used for environmental samples are the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other methods presented in this chapter

According to research, once the chemicals are released into the air, water, or the soil, it can cause a decline in health, which can possibly result in death. About three quarters of the chemicals that comes out

These substances not only trigger liver, heart, kidney and nervous system deterioration, but also cause lung impairment and cancer.

Chlorine is on its own a chemical element of the periodic table as part of the halogen series salts and appears in a green-yellowish gas (Lenntech, 2018). Therefore, chlorine is naturally occurring when extracted from salt. Additionally, chlorine can have many adverse effects on people and the environment. According to NOAA’s CAMEO (2018), chlorine is highly toxic if inhaled, an oxidizing agent (may accelerate combustibles), and is water reactive. Therefore, if exposed in high concentrations, the result could be fatal or cause severe respiratory conditions. Moreover, the Emergency Response Guidebook (2016) recommends response personnel to be equipped with a self-contained breathing apparatus and chemical protective clothing when responding to chlorine incidents. Essentially, the protective equipment should prevent physical exposure to the chlorine as well as supply response crews with clean air to allow for a proper response to the incident. Lastly, there are many variations of commercial detection equipment available to response crews for chlorine. According to DHS (2007), both the Draeger CDS kit and ChomAir Badge offer a commercial means to detect Chlorine gas is the 0.2 – 0.4 parts per million range. Fundamentally, both chemical detection pieces of equipment identified allow for a

Adverse effects can occur if there is too much residual chlorine in water. The use of chlorine can possibly cause carcinogenic compounds such as chloroform. There is still an ongoing debate if chlorine is the best way to disinfect a

The city of Stockton’s water cleaning company uses “chloramines which are not as chemically active as chlorine” to filter their tap water system (recordnet.com). However, due to the drought and lack of water many of the chloramines compounded together and became toxic. Moving on, Chloramine is a compound made up of very low concentration of chlorine and ammonia. However, large quantity of chloramine can be harmful since the chlorine can compound onto each other, which develops trichloramine (recordnet.com). Trichloramine can cause redness in the eye, irritation of the skin, and if ingested in large quantity, the respiratory system can be damaged. Moving on, the water contamination in Stockton effects all the residents in North Stockton only. Despite that the water contamination is only in North Stockton, the residents are taking precaution to using their tap water due to the unsure effects of ingesting the contaminated

Chlorines history was never intended to be used as a weapon. In 1774 German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the chemical (Chlorine, 2013). The uses for liquid and solid chlorine was found to kill bacteria and has been developed to be used in small quantities to

Chlorpyrifos is an insect killer and classified as an organophosphate, “that works by interrupting the electrochemical processes that nerves use to communicate with muscles and other nerves,” and it is also, “endocrine disruptor,” which means, “it can cause adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects,” according to the National Institute of Health (Philpott). The chemical chlorpyrifos has been studied in many research labs. Duke University Medical Center investigated the impact of this chemical on brain growth and development by conducting lab experiments with rats and exposing the rats to the chemical, chlorpyrifos, then observing their reactions (Rabin). Dr. Slotkin, a scientist at Duke University, commented, “Even exquisitely low doses, this compound chlorpyrifos would stop cells from dividing and push them instead into programmed cell death,” and “there

amount equal to the number of jobs in the state of Oregon. Wages and salaries

First of all, tetrachloroethylene is a nonflammable colourless liquid which goes by with the formula C2Cl4. Tetrachloroethylene is a reaction between two elements: chlorine (Cl) and carbon (C). This reaction raises a lot of concerns since it is mainly used for dry-cleaning fabrics and metal degreasing operations. Firstly, the exposure to tetrachloroethylene has many negative effects on the health of humans and the environment. Effects that develop from severe (short term) high-level intake exposure of humans include the irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, kidney dysfunction, and many neurological effects such as behavioral changes, impairment of coordination, dizziness, headaches, sleepiness as well as unconsciousness. The effects

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strictly regulates the levels of health-risking contaminants that are allowed in drinking water, to try and ensure that tap water, used for drinking, meets certain standards. Chlorine is used by most water treatment facilities in the United States, to clean the water drinking supplies. The EPA has determined that chlorine levels of four parts per million, or less, are safe for human consumption. While, the chlorination of drinking water has been credited with increasing life expectancy, and being one of our nation’s major public health achievements, there have been studies, that link chlorination to higher occurrences of some types of cancer, and other health problems, including eczema, heart disease, asthma, and higher miscarriage rates. When chlorine interacts with various organic compounds in the fresh water, trihalomethanes (THMs) are produced, which are environmental pollutants, and carcinogenic. When THMS are ingested, they foster the growth of free radicals, which are known to harm or destroy vital body

Chemical hazards: Chemical hazards are substances, mixtures and material in the work environment that pose health risks and dangers to humans (Australian Government Comcare, 2015a). The production of polyurethane foam blanks used for surfboards contains the chemical diisocyanate, which can be very harmful if toxic fumes or fiberglass dust is inhaled during machining (Surf Plaza, 2009). These chemicals are particularly harmful to the mucus membranes of the eyes and respiratory tracts and have been proven to contribute to asthma. When in the form of liquid, the chemical toluene diisocyanate (TDI) that is commonly used in surfboard manufacturing, can cause irritation to the skin and eyes causing swelling and redness (Sweet, 2013). Inhaling TDI

Although bleach can help you with multiple things it can also be extremely deadly to you. Some might think that because chemicals like hypochlorite is in both bleach and our bodies that it may be ok, but it isn’t. Unlike our bodies bleach is very corrosive and is because of this helps clean hard to get out germs and dirt on our countertops, however if we drink this ourselves because of its corrosiveness our insides will melt if we drink any of this. Mild exposure from inhalation can result in stinging eyes, a burning throat, and coughing. Not only can bleach impact you by drinking it can also hurt us other ways as well “Because it is corrosive, touching bleach can cause chemical burns on your hands unless you wash it off immediately. If you drink bleach, it oxidizes or burns tissues in your mouth, esophagus, and stomach” (Anne Marie Helmenstine, about Education). Although bleach can be harmful in many ways it is also very useful and without it there would be many more bacterial like infections and an in general dirty living

The hazardous incidence of perchlorates can be discussed in a broad way and are dependent on the various above mentioned factors. In fact, even a lenient hypothyroidism have a profound impact in pregnant women and infants, causing neurological defects and

Pesticides have been known to cause a number of diseases in humans as well as animals.  The most vulnerable to these diseases and side effects are infants.  Pesticides effect infants