Why Do You Feel This Is So?

Therefore, structural functionalism is an assumption “That society is a unified whole” which all parts work together to create stability (Ferris, and Stein, 2016, p. 20). However, the experimental study does not occur with complete cooperation, but it does involve culture. The test includes four hundred syphilitic men along with two hundred uninfected men. In result, the researchers hope to have information about “The natural course of disease until the death” among the ill (Massy, 8th Ed., p. 75). The four hundred men are African American and are in the control of the dominant group. The ones with higher authority, such as the government based Doctors, Researchers, Scientists, and other medical professionals are the “dominant” group in the essay. They all believe in ethnocentrism, “A means or standard by which to

This weeks reading was over the life and research of Edward Bradford Titchener, the founder of structuralism. Titchener was a student and friend of Wilhelm Wundt. Even though he supposedly was a self-proclaimed follower of Wundt, his form of psychology was quite different than that of his teacher. As we learned in chapter four, Wundt’s theory about the human mind was based on the view that people could not focus on more than one thing at a time with precision, that the mind had a self organizing capability, and also that only sensation and perception could be studied experimentally via apperception. Wundt was interested in the whole experience, Titchener was interested in the components of the experience. Also, Titchener, believed the opposite of Wundt, that mental processes could be studied through introspection by trained “reagents.”

It has also been criticised because it “proceeds from no coherent theory of personality” but Rogers himself has backed up this statement by asserting that there is no need for a theory unless there is a phenomena to explain (Rogers, 1951, p. 15).

Throughout my journey I am discovering the epistemological tradition that best fits my own perspective. There are many ways in which a person learns; learning can be defined as a change in behavior due to past experiences. As well, there are different approaches to learning such as; behaviorism, cognitivism, connectivism and constructivism. Many aspects of my life have formed my epistemological assumptions such as family, friends, community, education and my own experiences. Epistemology is defined as the theory of knowledge, with respect to its methods, validity, and scope; it is the inquiry of what discerns acceptable belief from opinion (Bates, 2015, section 2.2.1, para 1). I feel that I connect best with experiential cognitivism since I prefer to experience information before internalizing and relating it with what I know to be true. I will draw upon my past experiences to illustrate my position as I have come to understand myself as an experiential cognitivist, which situates within the epistemology of pragmatism. Pragmatism is defined as a practical approach to problems or matters. As William James states in his book Pragmatism, A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking “He (pragmatism) turns towards concreteness and adequacy, towards facts, towards action, and towards power” (para 12, Lecture II What Pragmatism Means).

Early on, the social science, including psychology cannot be consider scientific, with an argument that it is social. This was proven wrong, as Jared Diamond (1987) poses the disparity of soft science, including the domain of social science, and hard science, including the domain of natural sciences. To sum up, the two uses varying level of operationalization – thus making the field of social science scientific.

Many ideas were shared between Watson, Tolman, and Skinner who all played a role in the forming of behaviorism. They did, however, differ on some of their beliefs as well as their methods of study. At this time, methods of studying psychology as well as psychology in general were in the developing stages. Watson was largely credited with the foundation of behaviorism, however, he was by no means the only one to make contributions. There has been some debate as to whether Watson’s contributions were enough to make him the “founder of behaviorism.” It is important to examine contributions from several of the early

In chapter one we learned about many concepts, but one of them is structuralism. Structuralism is an analyze consciousness into its basic elements and examine how they are related. It’s also figuring out what we are aware of in our environment, which everyone uses everyday. This concept is related to my life because it is a everyday use. Once I walk outside or I am going to a new place I am not familiar with I am using structuralism. Now and days everyone should learn about this. That’s because we should all be aware of what is around us in all time. This shapes you to the person you are later in life and helps you learn what to do in certain events.

This is, however, a perception; in a theoretical analysis it is important to make no assumptions and a wealth of definitions. We will discuss the pragmatism of this perception.

There is no shortage of scholarly reviewed research linking Richard Rorty with the revitalization of pragmatism, or more appropriately neo-pragmatism. Pragmatism has roots in an inquiry of truth, beginning with Peirce’s inquisition into the meaning of concepts from the lens of experience; however more discourse for pragmatism in public administration is aimed at Dewey and his ability to convert concepts into a means of action and emphasis on problem solving (Hildebrand, 2005). Richard Rorty has been credited by several authors (Hildebrand, 2005; Issac, 1999; Hoch, 2006) with reviving pragmatism by engaging the opinions of classical thinkers, most notably Dewey, as relevant to the modern state. For Rorty, man has the ability to propose a

William James is one important philosopher we have discussed in our lectures. James brings a unique interpretation of pragmatism. Pragmatism is an approach to assessing the truth of meaning for beliefs, based on their practical use. James believed that a belief is true, if the results of its implication are satisfactory. In addition, James believed that unpractical beliefs couldn’t be rejected because our different human experience yield different truths. I find James argument compelling because he focuses on individual human experiences. The way in which we see the world and implement our beliefs, are the truths that we come to believe. In addition, our experiences validate the truth behind our beliefs because we are experiencing it. An interesting syllogism arises from this philosophical ideology. If all men have individually formed beliefs, and those beliefs through individual experiences become truth, then there are multiple versions of how society should be.

Pragmatism is the belief that what is real is what works and predicts what is likely to happen next. Pragmatism is not about how things actually are or how really real they are like most other parts of ontology like idealism and materialism it is about how things work and predict what is likely to happen. This means to me that it does not matter the the

Pragmatism is described in the book as a method for settling philosophical disputes. It is based on the pragmatic theory of truth. This theory says that a 'proposition p is true if and only if the belief that 'p is true' works'; (Voices of Wisdom, 346). In order

John Watson a theorist who rejected the idea of introspection and every part of the psychodynamic theory, suggested the Behaviourist view is an

Although Watson was not the first to suggest an empirical and objective approach to psychological research he was the first to offer a coherent and organized program, and is often viewed as the catalyst for behaviorism, especially among American psychologists (Bewsbury, 2013). Perhaps the most famous behaviorist is B.F. Skinner (b.1904-d.1990). Skinner’s approach almost completely disregarded anything outside of observable behaviors, and his strict approach to looking at anything other than observable behaviors resulted in the development of the term radical behaviorism (Feist et al., 2013).

“one could . . . point out . . . that in addition to pragmatism, Simmelian formalism is