“Why Does He Feel This Way?,” They Wondered. “Where Did

Coates spent his childhood years in a poor Baltimore public school, a system that “mostly meant always packing an extra number 2 pencil and working quietly” (Coates 25). He grew up believing that “The world had no time for the childhoods of black boys and girls” (Coates 25). School was not to him a place of education but rather an institution whose purpose was to train the students to obey and conform. “Algebra, Biology, and english were not subjects so much as opportunities to better discipline the body” (Coates 25).

Throughout American history, relationships between racial and ethnic groups have been marked by antagonism, inequality, and violence. In today’s complex and fast-paced society, historians, social theorists and anthropologists have been known to devote significant amounts of time examining and interrogating not only the interior climate of the institutions that shape human behavior and personalities, but also relations between race and culture. It is difficult to tolerate the notion; America has won its victory over racism. Even though many maintain America is a “color blind nation,” racism and racial conflict remain to be prevalent in the social fabric of American institutions. As a result, one may question if issues and challenges

Racial Formation in the United States by Michael Omi and Howard Winant made me readjust my understanding of race by definition and consider it as a new phenomenon. Through, Omi and Winant fulfilled their purpose of providing an account of how concepts of race are created and transformed, how they become the focus of political conflict, and how they shape and permeate both identities and institutions. I always considered race to be physical characteristic by the complexion of ones’ skin tone and the physical attributes, such as bone structure, hair texture, and facial form. I knew race to be a segregating factor, however I never considered the meaning of race as concept or signification of identity that refers to different types of human bodies, to the perceived corporal and phenotypic makers of difference and the meanings and social practices that are ascribed to these differences, in which in turn create the oppressing dominations of racialization, racial profiling, and racism. (p.111). Again connecting themes from the previous readings, my westernized influences are in a direct correlation to how to the idea of how I see race and the template it has set for the rather automatic patterns of inequalities, marginalization, and difference. I never realized how ubiquitous and evolving race is within the United States.

Coates provides readers with a lesson in American history and explains to his son that race is not reality, but that “Americans believe in the reality of ‘race’ as a defined, indubitable feature of the natural world” (Coates 2015; 7) He brings the reader inside the America in which he lives. He argues that “America’s problem is not its betrayal of ‘government of the people,’ but the means by which ‘the people’ acquired their names,” meaning that America has only ever represented and supported white people, that America was founded on a system of racial bias (6). He draws attention to the struggles that peoples of color, especially black people, have faced. Those struggles generate fear, which is one of the main ideas in the

For this week’s memo, I decided to read “Racial Formations” by Omi and Winant. The reading talks about the meaning of race as being defined and challenged throughout society in both collective and personal practices. It also suggests that racial categories are created, changed, ruined, and renewed. Omi and Winant explore the idea that the conception of race developed progressively, ultimately being created to validate and rationalize inequality. It began with the denial of political rights and extended into the introduction of slavery and other forms of forcible labor.

In part one of “Between the World and Me,” Coates gives constant examples on how the black community deals with the loss of their bodies and violence on the daily. He makes his argument by being brutally honest. He does not hold back when talking on the subject, making the reader feel somewhat convicted after reading. He uses the element of right timing throughout part one to show how intense racism still is.

“And one morning while in the woods I stumbled suddenly/ Stumbled upon it in a grassy clearing guarded by scaly oaks / and elms / And the sooty details of the scene rose, thrusting themselves / between the world and me…” This is the epigraph to Coates’s work. He explains he wants to find out what actually exists between the world and himself. He begins by asserting that America has always had a problem with race, but not quite in the way people assume. He says racism created race, not the other way around. American history is general with examples of people who were once not considered white – the Irish, the Jews, the Russians, Catholics – but now are. Race is not a positive reality of America; it has been constructed, altered, and reinforced. Whiteness is not just skin color or hair color; it is fashioned out of “the pillaging of life, liberty, labor, and land; through the flaying of backs, the chaining of limbs; the strangling of dissidents; the destruction of families; the rape of mothers; the sale of children; and various other acts meant, first and foremost, to deny you and me the right to secure and govern our own bodies” (8). America is not the only country to do this, of course, but what is so problematic is its hypocrisy; it claims to be a champion of

“And though I could never, myself, be a native of any of these worlds, I knew that nothing so essentialist as race stood between us. I had read too much by then. And my eyes—my beautiful, precious eyes—were growing stronger each day. And I saw that what divided me from the world was not anything intrinsic to us... ” (Coates 154) Coates understands that seeing the world from different perspectives humbles the mind. He no longer had to live with the stigma of being a black man in America.

In a time where racism is a dirty word, and is thought by many to be a thing of the past, Between the World and Me goes above and beyond to obliterate misconceptions that racism is not a constant presence in today’s America. It’s easy to deny the presence of racism throughout America’s history when it hasn’t directly affected you, but Ta-Nehisi Coates brings it to the surface in a way that makes it impossible to ignore.

This theme helps illuminate how black people came to be treated in America both when slavery existed and beyond into today’s society. The theme that black people are disposable bodies within American society. Because of the tradition of treating black people as objects or whose value strictly came from their ability to make profit, the idea of what it means to be black in America is imbedded in the danger of losing one’s body. Although slavery has ended, the racism remains as a violence inflicted on black people’s bodies. Coates is more than happy to emphasize that racism is an instinctive practice.

What is race? In Milloy’s interview of high school teacher Julian Hipkins III, when asked, many students believed race to be default. Conjuring a definition similar to that of ethnicity or culture, most people do not understand the origins nor the purpose of “race” in America. Race is not biological nor is it cultural, it is a social construct used to divide and manipulate white Europeans and Africans. Furthermore, it was used as a platform to divide the poor White class and the slaves from uniting against the affluent land and slave owners, by telling white America that it is superior, in every way, to their Black counterparts.

With nearly half of the world’s population living on less than $2.50 a day, poverty is clearly one of the biggest issues in our society today. The real question is, is it even possible to fully abolish poverty? We live in a world that relies so heavily on cheap labor and manufactured goods, that it is hard to imagine what it would be like if we didn’t have these impoverished people filling these critical, yet unwanted, roles in our society. Behind the Beautiful Forevers by Katherine Boo tells the stories of the intertwining lives of the poverty stricken slum of Annawadi, in the booming metropolis of Mumbai, India. Through the lives of Zehrunisa, Karam, and Abdul, a family struggling to climb out of poverty, Asha the slumlord and her daughter

Unfortunately, in this time and age, racism continues to be an issue in the American society, especially in the south. Since the introduction of slavery, many people have the belief that skin color determines someone’s ranking in life. After the freedom of slaves, racism became a big problem in America. As a result, other races look down upon many different cultures and ethnic groups believing that they are superior to others. Racism has lead to people discriminate against one another and become prejudice. Unfortunately, racism effects peoples lifestyles, job opportunities, and education.

Poverty is a life threatening issue in India. Its deathly grip in India prevents some kids from waking up in the morning, from some mothers awakening at the tug of their tiny child, it 's a truly horrifying issue. “ There are more than eight million slum dwellers in Mumbai alone, but everyone recognises that this is a convenient - not accurate - number” (Prashad). Mumbai is only the capital of India and it contains more than eight million people who are left to live in the slums because of poverty.

Nelson Mandela once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon that can be used to change the world.” He was right; an education can provide great opportunities for people. American children have the chance to receive a quality education, but that is not the case in some countries. In underprivileged countries, children may not receive an education. In the natural photograph taken in 2009 by American Press photographer Altaf Qadr, Rajeesh Kumar Sharma has started a free school under a bridge in India to educate underprivileged children living in surrounding neighborhoods. Most children in America will never have to experience a situation like this because the government has passed laws to guarantee every child receives a quality education, but what if the government did not regulate education laws? Imagine the children of the United States having to miss school because of household duties or cultural influences? These are common scenarios for children in underdeveloped countries. Inadequate government funding, household duties, and cultural influences affect whether or not a child receives a valuable education in an underprivileged country.