Why Iq Tests Be Considered Biased Measures Of Intelligence

Labeling bias exists when a test claims to measure one thing but actually measures something else. Tests that claim to assess such traits as “aptitude” or “intelligence” imply that they are measuring something innate, given that many people assume that these traits are genetic. However, Jencks notes that “almost all psychologists now agree that while an individual’s score on an intelligence or aptitude test depends partly on his or her genetic makeup, it also reflects a multitude of environmental influences” (p. 56). Thus, such tests are racially biased estimates of the innate traits that most laypeople think these tests are purporting to evaluate. Fortunately, this bias can be eliminated by simply changing the names of what these tests claim to measure.

The brain is the most important organ for regulating human behavior and thought. The brain is very complex and has taken centuries to discover how it functions. The brain is separated into four distinct regions or lobes. These regions are called the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, and the parietal lobe. The frontal lobe is located directly behind the forehead and is the brain region that controls higher level thinking such as memory, planning, and judgment. The frontal lobe also contains motor cortex which allows voluntary movements. Another vital brain region is the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe can be found in the back of the brain. Its job is to process and store visual information. The occipital lobe

For cultural factors, biased IQ test would be interconnected to substandard schools. These tests measure a student's school achievement. And if there are substandard schools, the students who are placed into the higher groups, the will do better than those who are placed in a lower group. And thus these IQ tests would lead to the deficiency theory, which suggests that 'the poor are

“Blacks still score below 75 percent of American whites on most standardized tests” (Jencks and Phillips). The belief that intelligence and aptitude are innate seems to be especially important in discussions of racial differences (Jencks and Phillips 6). White Americans score closer on IQ tests to other white populations across the globe than to the worldwide black average (Saletan 1). An important question that may come to mind is whether intelligence tests biased. Intelligence tests are likely to be culturally biased when a standardized test reflects what is learned through experience in a culture that does not regard to another race as highly (Young). For instance, if a standardized test result represented an ingroup preference exclusively than it may only measure a specific part of intelligence; for example the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WAIS, is more verbal while the Raven's Progressive Matrices, RPM, is more visual (Young). This may cause a majority of individuals with autism to do better on the RPM due to autistic students connecting with images rather than words. Young has stated that intelligence tests that only focus on certain neurological criterias and are not well indicators of intelligence due to it not equally indicating all types of intellect. Yet a majority of psychologists now agree that intelligence tests measure developed

Within the subcortical structures, underneath the cortex, are the thalamus, amygdala, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These structures provide all sensory and motor responses, emotional and social responses, and support memory recognition.

Aware of this shortcoming, Hubel and Wiesel (1962,1965,1968) were cautious not refer to ‘feature detectors’ when examining the receptive fields of the mammalian visual cortex of live cats (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962) and monkeys (Hubel & Wiesel, 1968). Nonetheless, it is now widely accepted that Hubel and Wiesel’s theory of simple, complex and hyper-complex cells remains a form of the original feature-detector theory, albeit formulated into a more economical hierarchical structure. (Lennie, 2003; Martin, 1994) Hubel and Wiesel (962, 1965) concluded that vision involved a hierarchical process starting in the retina, continuing through the lateral geniculate body, the primary visual cortex and possibly even into areas V2 and V3. As sensory information travels further up the hierarchy, it passes through progressively higher-order cells that become increasingly

Figure 3 consists of five main parts including the SR, encoding, STM, WM, and LTM. In the following, each of them is briefly described. SR retains a quite accurate and the whole of the information, such as visual, auditory, tactile, taste, and olfactory, that is sensed and attended to. It is characterized by being outside of conscious control and occurs automatically. These steps include extracting and identifying the features of a stimulus after the initial reception of information regarding the stimulus. Here, thalamus is acted as a distributor of information, and all sensory information except the olfactory is passed through this part. In this level, attention

A common criticism of intelligence tests is that psychologists and educators use these tests to provide special opportunities for people with a certain IQ, such as a membership for MENSA (scores at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardized IQ tests or other approved intelligence tests), classes for “gifted” students, admission to college, and employment. Those who do not qualify for these resources based on IQ scores are denied from such opportunities, in some cases unfairly. In American society, and likely other developed civilizations in the world, intelligence test scores have become associated with a person's ability to perform certain tasks

These regions are all located in the brain with the retina and optic nerve also connected to the CNS because they have direct contact with the brain

In the 21th century the new controversial debate about IQ testing involves the many flaws and incorrect way to assess an individual. Today, many scientists have dismissed the myth of an IQ scale, which people used to fall under high or low intelligence. The question that both people and experts trying to answer “Kids who score higher on IQ tests will, on average, go on to do better in conventional measures of success in life?” (Balter, 2011, para. 1). The debate among researchers is what IQ test actually measure, and the differences in scores between ethnic groups reflect intelligence, economic, and social factors maybe even both. According to Richard Nisbett a psychologist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in his book "Intelligence

Intellectual assessment and intelligence testing refer to the evolution of an individual’s general intellectual functioning and cognitive abilities (Samuel 2004) and also these assessments are de developed using standard procedures where the scores are recorded for the purpose of measuring achievement and compare the results with others in the society (Bordanora, 2001). Some authors stated that the inaccuracy of standard assessment results are caused by cultural bias (Klenowski 2009, Laros & Tellegen 2004, Bernhard 2000 and Schellenberg 2004). Also others taken into considering developmental factors of this issue (McCauley 2004). Comparison of the study, issues and research are most likely to convince cultural bias of the outcomes. Rest of

The way Culture-fair IQ test is defined as an intelligence test. This form of examination is designed to assess intelligence of individuals without having to rely on knowledge. Intelligence has been defined as the capacity of an individual for logic, ability to comprehend, learning, creativity and problem solving. As for knowledge, it would be defined as the facts, information and skills obtained by a person through experience or education. This examination was created to be fair to different type of individuals from different type of cultures. The structure of this exam consists non-verbal questions but of paper and pencil questions that involve relationships between figures and shapes.

(3) local enlargement of the olfactory tract areas, outermost layer of frontal pole, motor and visual cortex, left anterior cingulate, right hippocampal commissure, bilateral dorso-caudal CA1 of the hippocampus, inner layers of lobules IV-V of the cerebellum and ventral medullary reticular nucleus.

Conclusion. Several theories, regarding information processing, center on diverse aspects of receiving, encoding, storing and retrieving information. Most

Perhaps the most useful, or more so the only, pro these tests provide us with is the detection of learning or intellectual disabilities. “In 2002, the execution across the US of criminally convicted individuals with intellectual disabilities, who are often assessing using IQ tests, was ruled unconstitutional. This has meant IQ tests have actually prevented individuals from facing ‘cruel and unusual punishment’ in the US court of law” (theconversation.com). These tests have allowed judges and jurors to determine the proper form of punishment for criminals by assessing if they have harmful intellectual disabilities, making their punishment land them in a psychiatric ward as opposed to a jail cell. To add to that, these tests also determine whether a child would benefit from special education services, including those of whom are considered gifted in specific cognitive areas. Concluding these certain issues in a person are clearly helpful; however, those determinations still do not necessarily prove someone to be intelligent or unintelligent