Why Smoking Is Bad For You Research Paper

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as “the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.” Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. “Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors” (cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used to “describe the severity of a person’s cancer based on the size and/or extent (reach) of the original (primary) tumor and whether or not cancer has spread in the body” (cancer.gov). The importance’s of staging cancer is to assist the doctor with planning appropriate treatments to fight the cancer

Each year there are about one million three hundred seventy thousand deaths worldwide from lung cancer. Lung cancer is a particular type of cancer that is more deadly and common with other types of cancer. Lung cancer for most people can be avoided because cigarette smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer. Of course, there are other ways that increase the chance of lung cancer that can’t be avoided, like if it runs in the family. There are two different types of lung cancer small cell lung cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. In order to determine what the specific type is it needs to be looked at under a microscope as the two types have different treatments. There are many symptoms that may be associated with lung cancer, not all are present in the chest, some symptoms occur in different regions of the body. Lung cancer had a variety of treatment options. The patient's doctor will decide what treatment is best for them depending on their type of cancer and what stage of cancer they have. In the novel The Longest Ride Ira Levinson, a ninety-one-year-old man had been battling lung cancer for the past few months. Sadly his cancer did not get found early enough, so his last few years turned into only a few more weeks.

The Lung Cancer is the major of the cancer death. According to the data from Australian government on 2011, it showed the death rate is far higher than other disease, all because its early symptoms are non-evident, that lead to most of the sufferers are often missed the best time for treatment. Lung Cancer occurs when there has the uncontrolled cells growth in the lung tissues, these cells normally lining on the air passages, then forms a tumour which can be small-cell carcinoma or non-small-cell carcinoma. The five year survival rate of the person who with Lung Cancer is less than 14%(EWTERY).

When cancer is diagnosed, a stage is assigned to it, based on how advanced it is. Stage 0 is used to describe non-invasive breast cancers. (Breastcancer.org) In stage 0, there is no evidence of cancer cells or non-cancerous abnormal cells. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer. Another stage is stage IV, which is invasive breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other organs of the body. (Breastcancer.org) When cancer has metastasized, it typically spreads to other organs such as the lungs, distant lymph nodes, skin, bone, liver, or brain. Cancer may be stage IV at first diagnosis or it can be a recurrence of a previous cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. (Breastcancer.org) Stages help doctors determine the most appropriate treatment and the prognosis.

There are four different stages for the non-small cell lung cancer T stages. “Tis” is when cancer is found only in the lay of cells lining the air passages and not found anywhere else. “T1” is when the cancer is no larger than 3 centimeters. “T2” is when the cancer is no larger then 3 centimeters, it involves a main bronchus but is not closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches off into the main bronchi, it has spread to the visceral pleura, the cancer partially clogs the airways but the lung is not collapsed or under pneumonia. “T3” is when the cancer has spread to the chest wall, the diaphragm, the mediastinal pleura, or the parietal pericardium, when the cancer involves a main bronchus and is closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches into the main bronchi but

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

The physician will examine the lymph nodes, blood tests, imaging tests (CT&PET), surgery to remove the swollen lymph node or a part of it, and also a bone marrow procedure. After Hodgkin’s lymphoma is diagnosed, the physician will then categorize cancer into stages. There are four stages of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Stage I is when the cancer is restricted to one lymph node region or a single organ. In Stage II, the cancer is in two lymph node regions or has invaded one organ and the nearby lymph nodes. But the cancer is still restricted to a section of the body either above or below the diaphragm. During Stage III, the cancer moves to lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm. Cancer may also be in one portion of tissue or an organ near the lymph node groups or in the spleen. The most advance stage is Stage IV. In this stage, the cancer cells are in several portions of one or more organs and tissues. At this stage, it affects not only the lymph nodes but also other parts of your body (liver, lungs or

Lung cancer is “the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs (lungcancer.org).” It is one of the most life threating diseases today, killing approximately 8,000 people in Australia every year. It is one of the biggest killers in Australia, diagnosing almost 12,000 people every year. Cancer in the lungs produces quickly and separates rapidly into other areas of the body to form tumours. Early and regular checks are advised to prevent this from occurring.

There are two sorts of tumors: begins(noncancerous) and harmful (malignant, implying that it can spread to different parts of the body).

Stage IA: There is a very small amount of cancer, it can only be seen under a microscope.

Some people are diagnosed when the cancerous cells are still within a duct or lobule. These are called carcinoma in situ, as no cancer cells have grown out from their original site.

Millions of families and individuals are affected each and every day with the diagnosis of cancer. Cancer can form anywhere in the body and it can take the life of a person in a blink of an eye. The body forms new cells all the time, then your old cells die. Although, sometimes the old cells will not die when they are suppose to. These extra cells can form a tumor. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are noncancerous and malignant tumors are cancerous. The parts of tumors can easily break away from the tissue that they have grown on and spread on to other parts of the body. This causes the cancer to be far more aggressive than if it were just in one area. The cancer spreading causes the cancer be in different stages. Stage 0

A growth of any size has not spread, but cancer cells are present in one lymph node less than three centimeters in size on same side.

The tumour is often multifocal i.e. there are several tumour nodules present within the liver. We do not know if this is because it starts off as one tumour that then spreads within the liver via blood vessels, or if several separate tumours start to grow at the same time. Once the tumour cells get into the blood circulation, HCC can spread to the lungs, bones and nearly any other part of the body. Tumour cells can also travel along the lymph vessels to the lymph glands (also called lymph nodes) at the base of the liver.

The polygonal cell type was the most frequent comprising 160(58.40%) followed by columnar 69(25.2%), cuboidal 38(13.9%), signet ring 4(1.4%), hobnail 2 (0.7%) and clear cell 1(0.4%) cell types. A significant percentage of tumours were associated with mucin production, desmoplasia, stromal elastosis, lympho-vascular invasion and necrosis (Table 1). Lymphovascular invasion was most commonly seen amongst stage III/ stage IV disease in 187/226 (82.7%). The majority of tumours, 213/263 (81%) were TTF-1 positive. Almost all cases, 134/135 (99.3%) demonstrated positivity for CK7 and Ber-EP4 63/65 (97%).