Why Some Pathogens Become Resistant To Antibiotics

Resistant bacteria form from the overuse of antibiotics. What happens is, an antibacterial drug is

Also known as superbugs, these bugs are resistant to our modern day antibiotics. People around the world are trying to figure out alternatives to this plague. These bugs have evolved over years and years becoming stronger and passing down genes from generation to generation, To slowly become the super bugs that they are known as today. Often these resistant genes are caused by overuse of antibiotics by humans and farm animals, but this is not always true. Recently the ARS (the American Recorder Society) found antibiotic resistance in prairie soils that had no human contact. Antibiotic resistance is commonly viewed as a result of antibiotic overuse in humans and animals, Recently found antibiotic-resistant

Under the circumstances where dosage of antibiotics is not necessary or not sufficient, even though normal bacteria will die, bacteria that possess genes for antibiotic resistance will likely survive, giving them the opportunity to reproduce, creating new bacteria with their traits of being resistant to antibiotics. This is because these types of bacteria have been naturally selected for antibiotic resistance so that they can survive under the conditions of antibiotics. As a result, bacteria can emerge to be drug resistant to antibiotics thanks to the process of natural

Today, the use of antibiotics is very common. The gene that causes antibiotic resistance typically arises naturally or from a mutation. When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes within the plasmid survive; this is called selective advantage. This process of the survival of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics is a method of natural selection, causing more antibiotic resistant bacteria to be reproduced. They are rapidly reproduced by binary fission, conjugation, transformation,

Bacteria that develop resistance to antibiotics are mutations that have evolved through the adaptation of their environment (Bethel). Scientific research has shown that the with evolution of bacteria that infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, are re-emerging (Hassan). The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis did not evolve alone because we have evolved ourselves. Scientists and many humans, after the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, thought that the era of infectious diseases was over, but that era lasted only about 50 years.

Resistance methods may also include inactivation of the antibiotic by an enzyme (acetyltransferase or phosphotransferase). There is also the possibility of mutations in the bacterial rRNA which interferes with the reception of the drug to the bacterial cell. Another mechanism of resistance includes an active efflux pump, which transfers chemicals such as antibiotics out of (bacterial) cells.It has been observed that “cells exhibited upregulation and downregulation of genes involved in protein biosynthesis, nutrient transport, gene regulation, stress and metabolism” in the presence of the

Antibiotic resistance grows is that the Bacteria altercation genetic information with surprising incidence, and not just when the actual copying is happening. Bacteria, their genes are not only on chromosomes

The evolution of resistance is clearly driven by the irrational use of antibiotics which threatens the

The process when bacteria, fungi, or viruses change while exposed to antibiotics is when antimicrobial resistance happens. When this does occur, it can cause for antibiotics and other medications to become less effective.

The bacterial micro-organisms can increase their population by multiplying and increase the amount of the essential protein in the bacterium making it too many for the antibiotics to de-activate, produce (more) antibiotic-deactivating-enzyme and change the permeability of the cell membrane or wall of the antibiotic.

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic drug in which it was originally sensitive to. Resistant organisms are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals which makes standard treatment procedures ineffective. Antimicrobial resistance is something that has evolved naturally via natural selection through random mutations, it can also be achieved by applying an evolutionary stress on a population. Once a gene mutation is generated, bacteria can then transfer genetic information horizontally, between individuals, by plasmid exchange. When a microorganism carries multiple resistance genes, it is

Nearly all antibiotics are being defied by infections of certain bacteria. There is hope to have the resistance trend reversed if consideration is given to how good and bad bacteria is affected by drugs

Each time an antibiotic is used it creates a “selective pressure” on the microbial community. The bacteria, which are susceptible to the antibiotic treatment, will be killed. This allows for the non-susceptible bacteria to grow without competition, and accordingly become the dominant population (8). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs by two mechanisms. The first mechanism is a rare mutation in the genome, which allows the cell to

Another way that anti-biotic resistance is spreading through the prescription of the drugs is that people do not take all of the pills that are prescribed (Vrentas 2016). Usually people start to feel better halfway through the dosage of the anti-biotics, so they think that it is okay to stop taking the pills (Vrentas 2016). That is not the case. If the pack is not taken entirely then there are most likely still bacteria in the person’s body from the infection (Vrentas 2016). Survival of the fittest comes into play, and the bacteria that have lasted longer than all of the others have a slight genetic variation in their genome that allows them to be better at fighting the drug the next time (Vrentas 2016). These stronger bacteria are also the bacteria that are going to grow and reproduce within the body

Antibiotics was developed to combat bacteria by zero in on the bacteria’s structure. As time goes by bacteria can defeat antibiotics in their natural selection. Natural selection plays an important role in the progression of antibiotic resistance. Most of the bacteria dies when it is exposed to antibiotics they are sensitive to. Therefore, it creates more space and availability of nutrients for the surviving antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Subsequently,