Why Were Managed Care Organizations?

The types of managed care are differentiated by definition, operation, structure, and information needs. `HMOs were the most common type of MCO until commercial insurance companies developed PPOs to compete with HMOs' (Douglas, 2003, p.331). `HMOs are business entities that either arrange for or provide health services to an enrolled population after prepayment of a fixed sum of money, called a premium' (Peden, 1998, p.78). There are three characteristics that an HMO must have. The first is a health care financing and delivery system that provides services for members in a particular geographic area. Second, is ensured access to a complete range of health care services, health maintenance, treatment, and routine checkups. Last, health care must be obtained from voluntary personnel that participate in the HMO. The five HMO models related to the participating physicians are the Staff

The Iron triangle for healthcare consists of cost, quality, and access; these three characteristics when balanced create great healthcare. Managed Care Organizations combine the three to offer consumers with care that is appropriate for their individual needs. Our book describes managed care organizations as “the cost management of healthcare services by controlling who the consumer sees and how much the service cost” (Basics of the U.S Healthcare System, Niles). Taking a look at the history prior to the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 (HMO ACT of 1973) the implementation has been significant in balancing cost, and quality control. Before this Act was signed in to law by President Nixon healthcare costs were determined by fee for service. A fee for service or indemnity plan is a plan that allows the provider to determine the cost of service, this fee for service plan caused for healthcare costs to increase rapidly. An example of this would be going to the doctor with neck pain, being told to stretch then receiving a bill for 25,000 dollars. As could be understood the cost of healthcare had became a problem.

Expansion of the MCO model occurred with the enactment of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973. This Act provided the foundation for managed health care and required employers with greater than 25 employees to provide and HMO offering. The Act served to counter Democratic efforts to nationalize U.S. health care and to stimulate competition within the health care market. HMO’s also began the concept of for profit health care operations. While most health care providers are not for profit (Phelps, 2011) and number operate under a for profit model. Non-profit dominates the healthcare sector based on their tax exempt status.

The HMO’s stress wellness and preventive care, therefore its focus is more on health maintenance rather than just the treatment itself. Because of this, HMO’s offer much richer benefits than the traditional plans. HMO’s have little to no upfront costs in an effort to encourage maintenance, while comprehensive and major medical plans have up-front cost sharing so as to discourage over utilization.

New physicians would be able to focus more on the quality of their practice as opposed to productivity due to being paid on a salary-basis in a large organization that is better-equipped to train incoming physicians. Staff Model HMOs provide care in extensive health systems; therefore, there are abundant resources available to physicians, both physical resources and the resource of additional physicians’ minds and expertise.

HIPAA was introduced as a broad Congressional attempt at healthcare reform. Initially this act was brought forth as being the Kennedy-Kassebaum Bill. The HIPAA legislation demanded the Department of Health and Human Services to broadcast regulations on the specified areas of HIPAA, which were called Rules.  These Rules were finalized at various times and health care organizations had 2 or 3 years to comply with the demanded requirements. The date which the legislation for HIPAA was proposed on August 21, 1996 by the United States Congress.

Managed care organizations should have arrangement with both the medical insurers and providers to provide treatment for a contracted rate. Hospital should advertise the services they offer to members of healthcare plans through their healthcare provider by emphasizing on the technology, staff, and other quality of care they provide. Worker compensation plans are similar to commercial plans but treats injured employees. Hospital must contract with all workers compensation plans and must also negotiate coordination of benefits with other insurance carriers of the injured person to full compensate services. For Self pay patients hospital can reach out to them by having pre negotiate rates for treatment when payments are made in advance for certain procedures. Hospital should have system to accept payments when made in any

New England Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a regional not for profit managed care company that has its headquarters in Boston, MA, with over 500,000 enrollees within 25 different plans including Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. A consortium of employers has shown interest in bidding on a managed care contract to be offered to the consortium’s 75,000 employees whom are locate in and around Nashua, New Hampshire. The consortium of employers includes companies such as IBM, Ford, and Prudential Insurance.

Throughout the last half of the 20th century, employers have acted on their own to regulate health costs by requiring employees to join health maintenance organizations (HMOs). More than 100 million Americans are under managed care. However, many patients and doctors complain that HMOs impose too many regulations and sacrifice healthcare quality. HMOs are undergoing a high level of scrutiny due to criticisms that the network is controlling and jeopardizing the healthcare system of the nation.

“a) Contracts that explicitly detail the responsibilities of employers as purchasers with insurance, managed care, and hospitals and physician groups as suppliers, b) Information to support the management of purchasing activities, c) Quality management to drive continuous improvement in the process of healthcare purchasing and in the delivery of healthcare services, d) Incentives to encourage and reward consumers, and e) Education to assist employees become better healthcare consumers” (p. 352).

The state healthcare marketplaces have increased new insurance companies in their markets and many of these state healthcare marketplaces will increase new health plans as well. These additional physician opportunities will be imperative for them to understand how the contracting process affects their practices.

What is managed care? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, managed care is “a system of health care in which patients agree to visit only certain doctors and hospitals, and in which the cost of treatment is monitored by a managing company.” Managed care is a variety of techniques designed to essentially reduce the cost of providing health benefits and advance the quality of care. In the United States alone, there are various managed care programs, that span from less restrictive to more restrictive. As recently stated in the National Institutes of Health, the future of managed care is uncertain. It is enthralling to note that in spite of the advances in the health care systems, such as our hospital’s ability to provide patients

of gag clauses in contracts amongst the MCOs and their providers. These clauses limit providers

HMOs multiplied rapidly with the new federal giveaways. Managed care, now including PPOs, mushroomed. Employers initially perceived managed care plans as cheaper than traditional fee-for-service insurance. Gradually, they stopped offering a choice of health plans, making individual policies more expensive. HMOs' penetration of the industry had been subsidized into existence. Government had instituted managed care. Today, while overall quality of patient care remains the best in the world, doctors practice medicine in an increasingly intricate web of rationing and regulations: Physicians are stripped of professional autonomy. As patients wander the maze of managed bureaucracy, costs rise and quality deteriorates. Every American dependent on a third party for health coverage is a potential victim of managed care. And state sponsored management of medicine

In other to manage or curtail the ever rising healthcare cost in America, Managed Care was formed. The National Library of Medicine, defines managed care as programs or organizations “intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs