Wilder Penfield: A Therapeutic Analysis

Of course, as far as we known, these technologies are not advanced enough for practical use, but is is the notion that something as bizarre and as devious as mind control is a potential reality. Our modern-day society is worried about the threats to our cyber-security, but now our concerns are evolving to threats of our neuro-security. An even more frightening fact is that there is no such thing as a BBI machine, because the technology to create a brain-to-brain connection has been around since 1875; we just didn’t know how to use it. All that was needed to create a brain-to-brain interface in the experiments done by the University of Washington were an electroencephalograph (EEG) and a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil, two pieces of machinery that can be found in most an hospital (Ma 2). In fact, the threats to neuro-security may not be as far in the future as previously assumed. The need for cumbersome, impractical hospital equipment in order to achieve brain-to-brain communication, according to Dr. Dae-Hyeong Kim, who has been doing research into “discrete epidermal electronics” involving BBI (1). It has already been confirmed through the University of Washington that BBI can be held over the internet, and through the use of “extremely thin grids of electrical sensors applied directly to the outside of the

In the late 1880’s, evidence that patients who were mentally ill could be controlled through surgical manipulation of the brain first emerged. Gottlieb Burckhardt, a Swiss physician, removed parts of the brain cortex on mentally ill patients in the insane asylum he supervised. Burckhardt performed his operation on six patients with the goal of calming patients so that they were more controlled but not necessarily sane. Many of his patients more manageable after the surgery but one died several days after the surgery and some patients suffered severe seizures (Stone, 2001). In 1935, Dr. John Fulton, a respected Yale neurophysiologist, who founded the Journal of Neurophysiology and Journal of Neurosurgery, presented his findings of animal

Psychotic depression occurs when a depressive illness also includes hallucinations, delusions or the patient feeling removed from reality. Psychotic depression affects approximately one in four people admitted to the hospital for depression. Some types of depression sound less violent, but are no less dangerous, like Seasonal

Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other Disorders Brain stimulation therapies: Brain stimulation therapies are non pharmacological method which involves activating or touching the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or implants to treat depression and other disorders. Among many techniques, electroconvulsive therapy is the most researched stimulation therapy.

A study was conducted by the University, testing a new drug that could temporarily stimulate different areas of the brain. This report will inform you on the general basics of the study, the results and what is important about the effects, and some experimental issues found in this study.

The most accurate method was electrical stimulation. This is because it was crucial in the development of a new way of mapping the brain through providing evidence for the localization of the cortex function.

Dating back to the 2500 BC, there have been cases of brain injuries. Andreas Vesalius was the first person to widen the research for brain anatomy. He was known for his charts of the human anatomy through the dissection of corpses. His book, The Six Anatomical Tables, was a success

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was introduced in the 1930’s at a time when no effective treatment for the severe mentally ill was known. Convulsive therapy, in the form of chemically induced seizures, was first tested in the 1930’s in patients with dementia praecox, a disorder that is now widely labeled as schizophrenia (Meduna 1935, 1937; Fink 1979).

They include: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS). With VNS, researchers surmised they might be able to arouse the brain by electrically stimulating the vagus nerve through the use of a pulse generator implanted under the skin of the chest. This procedure brings significant relief to as many as 40% of those with treatment-resistant depression, although researchers have not concluded precisely why this technique reduces depression. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was designed to stimulate the brain without the undesired effects of ECT, and has been found to reduce depression when administered daily for 2 to 4 weeks and may be just as helpful as ECT when directed to the severely depressed. In deep brain stimulation, a “depression switch” was theorized, which was located deep within the brain in the Brodmann Area 25 where researchers have experimented with electrode

Robinson, C., & Ferguson, G. (1996). Electroconvulsive therapy machines. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, II, 24-31. Retrieved from http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/aptrcpsych/2/1/24.full.pdf

from total domination by a male to freedom The groundwork for the development of electroshock therapy was laid in 1935, when a Budapest psychiatrist, Von Meduna, observed that

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is a form of neurostimulation in which mild electrical currents are delivered to the desired portion of the brain using electrodes that are placed on the scalp. Based on several recent studies, its application is thought to immediately boost memory, focus, energy, and vigilance, as

In the Roman Empire era, physicians suggested the application of electric rays on the cranial surface to treat conditions. This ancient practice was first utilized by the physician of Emperor Claudius, Scribonius Largo in 46 AD. The electrical torpedo fish was used to treat headaches and arthritic symptoms.

I. Introduction a. Attention getter device: This is a picture of a kitten that was forced to undergo animal experimentation However, this is only one of the 11 at University College London that had part of its skull removed for a three-day round of experiments. The first day involved the kitten being paralyzed as electrodes and probes were put into their brains to be able to measure what they saw. The second day involved a plate being screwed into the skulls of the 11 kittens and they were placed in a prone position with clamps on their backs and above the pelvis. The third day involved incisions being made to insert electrodes into the nerves around the spine and rib cage, exposing a large portion of their spinal cord. Finally, part of the skull was removed so an electrode could be inserted to measure brain activity. All of these cats were given anesthesia, and more than half were given a fatal overdose.

NEUR3004 Methods In Neuroscience: Electrophysiological Techniques Name: Virginia Wu SID: 311179029 Methods In Neuroscience: Electrophysiological Techniques Introduction The neurons in the brain tissue communicate with each other via electrical signals, generating measurable action potential activity. Electrophysiological techniques have been developed to measure this electrical activity. Electrophysiological techniques are some of the classic methods of brain research, partly because they are very sensitive and accurate. They provide quite a number of insights into the subject’s mind as well as allow for study of how the brain works. They can be used during brain surgery as well as when the patient is awake and conscious, as the brain itself does not sense pain during the measurements. Although electrophysiology has been around for close to half a century, it has attained appreciable advances only in the last two decades. These advances have revolutionized the study of brain structure and functions, allowing neurophysiologists to monitor the brain’s activities directly during experiments (Sutler et al., 1999). Even with its significant impact in neurology, however, its presence has been so commonplace that many people no longer realize its ubiquity. This essay explores three electrophysiological techniques namely patch clamp, sharp electrodes, and brain slice recording. It describes how each of these techniques works as well as how advances in the techniques have