Winogradsky Column Discription

To start out, particles that would usually break down organic matter are stopped by sphagnum. Sphagnum is an acid produced by sphagnum moss (Engber). To add, magnesium and calcium also form acids in the bogs that staves off rot. Better yet, there is very little oxygen that is able to get to the actual body, adding to the likeliness of preservation. To conclude, bog bodies have specific ways of developing.

A more detailed overlook of the experiment is demonstrated in Figure 1. The figure depicts a positive trend between the substrates and the amount of carbon dioxide produced over time. It also shows that starch produced the least amount of CO2 from the rest of the substrates and was more at a plateau compared to the other three substrates. Starch only had a 0.3 mL increase from the 1-minute

The Winogradsky will be used as the environment to obtain the bacteria. Desulvibrio is an anaerobe organism usually found in aquatic/soil environments. This environment is presented in the Winogradsky column since it is muddy and wet. On the first day of lab a Winogradsky column was made. The procedure that was followed included the following nutrients; water, organic soil and paper towels. The Winogradsky column that was made did not have the addition of sulfur which may be a concern since the intended organism for isolating is a sulfate reducing bacteria. The exception could be obtaining Desulvibrio from an environment such like the duck pond located on campus, some different types of organisms that could also be present in that environment

Microorganisms usually live in environments where there are a variety of different types of microbes. In this lab, Isolation of Microorganisms we inoculated bacteria in different types of medias which were described as selective media and differential media. Selective media permits specific organisms to grow on top of having ingredients that do not allow the growth of any organism that is not desired. In comparison, differential media does not hinder or boost the growth of specific organisms. In its place it includes ingredients that aid in telling one type from another in comparing bacteria. Differential media elements

One layer found within the Winogradsky column is the anaerobic water sediment. As the name suggests, this layer is composed of

Biosolids are derived primarily from a combination of primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage sludges. Biosolids do not contain the coarse grit and screenings removed from raw wastewater during preliminary treatment steps or ash generated from incineration of sewage

Table 3 and figure 3 reflect that a greater amount of carbon dioxide was produced as the duration of the investigation increased. This can be explained as the reaction required a specific activation energy to begin the reaction, which was lowered by the catalyst of yeast. Once the reactants were thoroughly combined by shaking the test tubes, the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide occurred faster. From the results in table 3, it is evident that the greatest difference of carbon dioxide created between the 10%, 20%, and 30% solutions is 1.7mL. These values vary due to the presence of random and systematic errors which will be discussed later in the report. Group 1 had the greatest production of CO2 from all of the groups; this may be due to a different water bath temperature or a greater amount of yeast than the other groups. This method is suitable as it displays how time and various glucose solutions affect the rate of fermentation, without needing elaborate amounts of

The graphs of the data presented that the percent coverage increased at a non-constant rate until reaching around optimal temperature (38.5°C) and decreased afterwards. The graphs also showed that the number of colonies initially increased to 25, but then decreased by 19 and then increased by 13. For both the number of colonies and percent coverage, there was no bacterial growth at 12°C. Consequently, there are no error bars because the percent coverage and colonial growth was always 0 at this temperature. Both trend lines are represented as polynomial curves. The equation for the graph comparing the number of colonies to temperature (y=.0025x3 - .2046x2 + 4.3706x) is an odd degree polynomial, meaning that the end behavior of

From researching the most important parameters it has shown that all parameters are linked together in turn affecting each other and in turn affecting the AD efficiency. An AD system should be operated carefully controlled and closely monitored so to create optimal conditions for the bacteria to grow, these factors should be considered when designing and operating the digester. For the two main digestion process mesophilic and thermophilic it was found that different values are required for certain parameter such as temperature and pH values which depends mainly on the feedstock used in the AD process, from researching different reports there are no specific set figures for the values of the parameters as they vary slightly from report to report and depends on the use and desired outcome of the AD process. Parameters such as volatile solids, nutrients & toxics and carbon to nitrogen ratio show the importations of monitoring the mixture of feedstock in the digester and feedstock being fed into the digester

The growth of marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri, used as live feed in aquaculture, was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The variables initially screened for biomass production using Plackett-Burman experimental design were nitrate, phosphate, silicate, temperature, pH, salinity and agitation speed. The screening revealed that nitrate, phosphate, silicate, temperature and pH significantly influenced the biomass production of C. muelleri. These five variables were further optimized by central composite design (CCD) of RSM for biomass production and the medium was constituted accordingly to have nitrate 180 mg l-1, phosphate 7.5 mg l-1, silicate 30 mg l-1, and temperature of incubation 31oC and pH 6.46. At the end of 10 day culture period under the above conditions biomass, protein, lipid and carbohydrate were found significantly increased from 360 ±0.01 mg l-1, 9.41±0.02%,18.11±0.01%, 0.6±0.02% to 1.16±0.01g l-1 , 11.02±0.01%,19.58±0.01%,0.77±0.01% respectively

Hydrogen is a promising energy source due to its clean product and high-energy yield (122 kJ/g) (Chang and Lin, 2004). Water electrolysis, steam reforming of hydrocarbons and auto-thermal processes are well known technologies for H2 production, but it is cost-intensive due to high-energy consumption (Ming et al., 2008). In contrast, dark fermentation process is low cost technology for hydrogen production from waste materials (Tawfik et al., 2012, Tawfik et al., 2013 and Tawfik and El-Qelish, 2012). Moreover, bio-hydrogen production from OFMSW has gained great attention due to energy generation while reducing the unwanted wastes (Tawfik et al., 2011). The main problems for bio-hydrogen production from bio-wastes using dark fermentation process are the low generation rates and yields. Therefore, several factors must be considered for maximizing H2 production in the dark fermentation process, such as avoiding the loss of H2 to hydrogen-consuming anaerobes, e.g., methanogens (Ming et al., 2008). The SRT is one of the important design parameters for maintaining hydrogen producing bacteria in dark fermentation processes. The substrate uptake efficiency, microbial population and metabolic pathways is mainly depends on the imposed SRT. It is assumed that a long SRT causes the growth of H2 consumers, including methanogens, and competitors for substrates, such as non-H2-producing acidogens (Hawkes et al., 2002). On the other hand, a short SRT may reduce substrate uptake efficiency,

Most industrial microbial processes are aerobic, and are mostly carried out in aqueous medium containing salts and organic substances; usually these broths are viscous showing non-Newtonian behavior. The rate of oxygen transfer to the cells is one of the limiting factors in the product formation. It is known that increasing the rate of oxygen transfer to the cells can enhance the rate of product formation. Gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are mostly used to characterize oxygen mass transfer. Oxygen transfer is strongly influenced by

Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitates (MICP) is a new and sustainable technology used to improve the properties of construction materials. This technique works by introducing bacteria solution (e.g., Sporosarcina pasteurii, B. megaterium, Spoloactobacilus, Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum) into the soil matrix, and then injection of a chemical solution consisting of urea and one of calcium salts (e.g., calcium chloride and calcium acetate) into the soil matrix several times.

The B.O.D. test is based on mainly bio-assay procedure, which measure the dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-organisms while assimilating and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic condition. This test measures the oxygen utilized for the biochemical degradation of organic material (carbonaceous demand) and oxidation of inorganic material such as sulphides and ferrous ions during a specified incubation period. It also measures the oxygen used to oxidize reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand) unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. Temperature effects are held constant by performing a test at fixed temperature. The methodology of B.O.D. test is to compute a difference between initial and final D.O. of the samples incubation. Atleast 1.5 L of sample is required to perform the B.O.D. test. D.O. is estimated by iodometric or Winkler’s method titration. Since the test being a bio-assay procedure, it is necessary to provide standard conditions of temperature, nutrient supply, pH (6.5-7.5), adequate population of microorganisms and absence of microbial-growth-inhibiting substances. The low

Containment of the collection culverts from the lamellae tanks and provision of 2 no. Bord na Mona Bio-filters to treat the extracted air from these sources.