Wireless Distributed Sensor Systems

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

Nowadays, Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are getting more and more involved in our society, researchers and manufacture. As the use of WSNs increases the more challenges rise to make them immune and life longer. Therefore, both fields industry and academia invest money to improve the capability of the security integrity, confidentiality, and authentication. Since WSNs are distributed in unfrequented and abandoned venues, the physical security is unconcerned or less concern. The most concern is the lifetime of Wireless sensor networks, sensors have limited source of power. Thus, economizing energy will keep sensors live longer, the less power means more efficiency. Moreover, secure data is important as well, since no one attends where sensors are located, it is easy to manipulate data or steal it. Cryptography provides high security to WSNs, using algorithms to encrypt and decrypt the sent data is

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) comprises of several tiny, low-cost, resource constrained sensor nodes. These nodes are placed in harsh environments and generally are used for air pollution monitoring, water quality monitoring, industrial monitoring, health monitoring and more. Routing is difficult in such surroundings primarily due to the unique constraints the wireless sensor networks suffer from. Wireless sensor network is highly dynamic, making existing routing protocols ineffective. This paper concentrates on energy efficiency of the protocols. Both the protocol presented are hierarchical and cluster based. Both have sensor nodes and a base station (BS). The BS selects the Cluster Heads (CH) among themselves. CH is the elected sensor node which passes on the sensor data collected by sensor nodes of its cluster to either BS or other CH. All candidate nodes for becoming CH are listed, based on the various factors like relative distance of the candidate node from the Base Station, outstanding energy level, possible number of neighboring sensor nodes the

The mobile computing technology is an emerging technology, which consist of wireless sensor networks. The wireless sensor is the smallest unit of a network and some of the features supports large scale deployment, mobility, reliability and other applications. According to (Hoon-Jae, 2011), the main goals of WSNs are to deploy a number sensor devices over an unattended area and transmit to certain locations.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of distributed sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or detect dimensions, to pass their data through the network to a base station for processing. Advantages of WSN over a wired system considered in elimination of wiring cost, sensors can be installed in harsh environments. Each sensor node is a combination of Radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna micro-controller, electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors, energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting. Drawback of using sensors is having limited power to consume, a memory that is

Sensor network protocols have a unique capability self-organizing. Another interesting feature of wireless sensor networks is that the sensor nodes cooperate with each other. Sensor nodes have an in-built processor, using which before transmission raw data is processed. These features facilitate wide range of applications of wireless sensor networks like biomedical, environmental, military, event detection and vehicular telematics.

Due to limited and non-rechargeable energy provision, the energy resource of sensor networks should be managed wisely to extend the lifetime of sensors. Sensor networks have recently emerged as a platform for several important surveillance and control applications .Each sensor has an onboard radio that can be used to send the collected data to interested parties. One of the advantages of wireless sensors networks (WSNs) is their ability to operate unattended in harsh environments in which contemporary human-in-the-loop monitoring schemes are risky, inefficient and sometimes infeasible. Therefore, sensors are expected to be deployed randomly in the area of interest by a relatively uncontrolled means, e.g. dropped by a helicopter, and to collectively form a network in an ad-hoc manner. In order to achieve high energy efficiency and increase the network scalability, sensor nodes can be organized into clusters. Data collected from sensors are sent to the cluster head first, and then forwarded to the base station. Network lifetime can be defined as the time elapsed until the first node (or the last node) in the network depletes its energy (dies).

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of low cost sensor nodes depolyed in parking area. These sensor nodes form a multi-hop ad-hoc network by wireless commnunication.

T. Gui in 2016 [39] studied the mechanism of SMO in the field of WSNs in the paper “A Novel Cluster-based Routing Protocol Wireless Sensor Networks using Spider Monkey Optimization.” The study additionally showed the change in traditional routing protocols in term of low-energy consumption and system quality of the network. SMO-C protocol suggested in the paper worked for Wireless sensor networks to minimize global energy consumption.

Energy Consumption: Sensor Nodes are subject to battery power. Sensor networks are set on hostile situations so supplanting the battery is unfeasible. Consequently energy preservation and administration is a basic issue to determine in wireless sensor network.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed across a geographical area in highly dense manner. These nodes are of low cost and use less energy to perform various functions. These sensors have the ability to communicate with each other and route the data to next node or back to the Base Station (BS). Sensor nodes in a sensor network communicate with other nodes and collect the information.

ABSTRACT: Wireless sensor networks is a self-configured network means any node can join it or leave it at any time. it is a self-healing and self-organizing. Self-healing networks allow nodes to reconfigure their link associations and find other pathways around powered-down nodes or failed nodes. Self-organizing allows a network automatically join new node without the need for manual interference. In this paper, we are using actor nodes to solve energy hole problem so that we can reduce energy consumption and can enhance throughput of network.

F. L. Lewis et al. [22] conducted a review on wireless sensor networks in 2004. This paper performed a review on wireless sensor network technologies, protocols and applications. In future, conduct a review based on wireless sensor network routing techniques, power consumption techniques, IEEE standards and MAC protocols.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is comprised of multiple tiny devices called nodes or motes. These are distributed spatially in an environment to monitor sense and compute data wirelessly. The role of a sensor node is to evaluate different tasks. First, a node has to sense physical conditions and exchange the information with other nodes after computation. Second, it plays the important role of being a relay for different sensor nodes [1],[2],[3],[4]. These nodes can mount anywhere in the environment [2]. With recent advancements in the field of electronics these devices are becoming cheaper and smaller and are being employed in both indoor and outdoor environments. Applications include agricultural monitoring, household and military surveillance, industrial automation and robotics, and healthcare [3]. A sensor node, shown in Figure.1 is a low power device and consists of five different components namely [5], [12]