Wireless Sensor Network: Link Quality Based Hierarchical Routing Algorithm for 6LoWPAN

In the previous section I presented an overview of current adoption of IPv6, described its main features, and detailed the new address protocol header format.

The Hierarchical Power Aware Routing (HPAR) is a power aware routing protocol that divides the network into a group of sensors called zones [12]. In this, the cluster zones are formatted, then the decision is made that how message is routed so the battery life can be maximized. This protocol provides an approximation algorithm called max-min ZPmin algorithm. In this algorithm by applying Dijkshtra algorithm the path who consumes less power is found. Then the second path is found that maximizes the minimal residual power. The advantage is that it provides both transmission power and maximizes battery

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

World Wide Web). The nodes can be static or dynamic [24]. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) will continue to play a very important role in our day to day lives. A WSN contains of sensor nodes that are powered by little unique batteries. These sensor nodes are densely arranged in the area to be monitored to sense and transmit information towards the base station. WSN can simplify structure design and operation, as the environment being monitored does not need the communication or energy infrastructure connected with wired networks [25].

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a data driven technology that seeks to integrate and connect everyday devices and sensors. This data infrastructure can be used for a variety of applications such as home automation, industrial manufacturing, healthcare, and smart agriculture. Although each application is derived from a significantly different field, the underlying communication protocols are very similar and must adhere to similar constraints. The constraints of low power devices, lossy links, noisy environments, and embedded microcontrollers with limited memory and processing power. These protocols are the basis of the IoT protocol stack. They create the framework that determines how data is transferred within an IoT network [3][4]. The focus of active IoT research is shifting towards data, how data is sent, how

successor of the now almost obsolete IPv4 [6]. The statistics of IPv6 compared to IPv4 is

IPv6 is the latest version of internetworking protocol designed to answer all the limitations of the current standard Internet Protocol IPv4. Transitioning to the next generation of Internet Protocol became an issue with the mass standardisation of IPv4 since the early start of Internet. And due to the fact that IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible with each other. Therefore, a transition mechanism is required during the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks.

The routing approach is the most prominent way for IPv6 multi-homing. The only drawback of this approach being the scalability issue. Every site that carries out multi-homing using the routing approach adds an entry to the global routing table, thereby making it a difficult choice for multi-homing, as far as scalability is concerned [5]. The different routing approach are as discussed below:

A Global transition to Internet Protocol version 6 is initiated. The government and organizations understand the benefits of this new protocol and are making change plans. The Information technology industry is undergoing a massive transformation. This research paper would outline the migration, transformation, and configuration of Internet Protocol version 6 from Internet Protocol version 4. Currently; we are close to exhausting a lot of our options regarding current Internet Protocol version 4 addresses. The new Internet Protocol version 6 replacement will alleviate this issue. Various transition techniques are being used today. The progression to IPv6 from IPv4 will be an avant-garde process. During the progression, the two

Honeywell technology leads the way with their Hart and One Wireless Networks. They use asset management solutions to provide customers with ultimate flexibility. Honeywell brings immediate benefits to the industry by cost-effectiveness, empowering a mobile workforce, plant security with wireless cameras and connects remote controllers to the central control systems (3). Honeywell has always offered free and simple access to application upgrades from their websites (4). Its technology has been implemented from the field to the control room. The one wireless device has a self-discovering and self-organizing managed and secure wireless field instrument mesh network. They talk to each other and bridge the wireless network together. They use the IEEE 802.11 standard that increases the network performance and improve air quality. The instruments in the field send data through neighboring instruments back to the gateway device. This is used for non-critical monitoring and they do not require a fast update rate. The more the instruments the faster the update rate, this could be as fast as one a second. There is a pitfall to these devices and that is battery life, but this can be alleviated with adding more access points. Most of the time users get three years battery life from their field instruments while using a one second update rates.

Prepare to meet tomorrow's business needs with native support for IPv6, which lets you take advantage of the latest networking applications and operating systems without having to upgrade

The MAC sub layer is responsible for handling single-hop reliable communications. It uses the security levels that are mentioned by the upper level layers.

WWAN includes wide coverage area space technologies like 2G cellular, Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) and international System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and Mobiles. WLAN, representing wireless native space networks, includes 802.11, Hyper LAN, and several others. WPAN represents wireless personal space network technologies like Bluetooth and IR. All of those technologies square measure “tether less”—they receive and transmit information victimization electromagnetic (EM) waves. Wireless technologies use wavelengths starting from the frequency (RF) band up to and higher than the IR band. 2 The frequencies in the RF band cover a major portion of the EM radiation spectrum, extending from 9 kilohertz (kHz), rock bottom allocated wireless communications frequency, to thousands of gigahertz (GHz).Because the frequency is inflated on the far side the RF spectrum, EM energy moves into the IR and so the color spectrum.

4 Bluetooth Networking Function 14 4.1 Bluetooth Network Based on IEEE 802.11 standard . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2 Physical Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 Bluetooth Packet Format 5.1 Access Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1 Channel Access Code (CAC) . 5.1.2 Device Access Code (DAC) . 5.1.3 inquity Access Code (IAC) . . 5.2 Packet Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.1 AM-ADDR . . . . . . . . . . 16 17 17 17 17 17 17

The evolution of internet over the past decades in tremendous that, information sharing between individuals has been increasing. Till now machine to machine communication has also been possible because of the trends and developments that have been in this field such IPV6 etc. Internet of things refers to the connectivity of devices between each other using IP addresses. A simple machine to machine connectivity can be obtained using internet and IP address of the device.(Skiba, 2013) These devices operate in the same domain and encompasses a variety of protocol to ensure better connectivity. This interconnectivity of devices have been implemented in most of the fields such as built in sensors in automobiles which sends alert or warning to the driver if there is any fault in the car or any man-made object that can send or receive alerts via internet using the IP address assigned to it. Formally, with this new information sharing invent a machine does not need a human aid to send or receive information between.