Wireless Technilogies Have Been Developed For Inddor Localisation

If they do not, but are within the acceptable margin of error of ±20√4=±40’’, each angle is corrected to create a sum of 360˚. For this project, the angles added to 360˚ 00’ 10’’. After each angle is corrected, angle 412 is 78˚31’03’’, angle 123 is 99˚01’23’’, angle 234 is 92˚32’21’’, and angle 341 is 89˚53’13’’. After using the Total Station, the Auto level is used to measure the elevations of each point. The known elevation outside of Powell is 380’. The Auto level is placed between each point to measure the backsight and foresight. Once all the points are measured, all the backsights and foresights can be measured with the difference taken to find the error. With this project, the error was -0.128’. Next, the pacing between each point must be taken to find the correction for each elevation with the equation, (distance from known elevation/total level network distance) X total error. The total pacing for the project is 235 steps with a pace of 2.31 feet per step. After the corrections, point 4 is 379.384’, point 3 is 378.182’, point 2 is 379.093’, and point 1 is 379.645’. A transit is used to find the true north from the magnetic

At the time, microwave landing systems, or MLS, were due to replace instrument landing systems, and theorists recognized the possible benefits that could be attained from implementing controls through the GPS systems (Moxon, 1992). Because of the relative cost-effectiveness of these systems and the fact that satellite positioning systems allowed for a greater degree of flexibility in navigational assistance, it was believed that GPS could aid in precision landings (Moxon, 1992).

Attending to the average accuracy results, the highest accuracy obtained by the Hassanat distance which achieved the first rank in all noise levels, followed by Lorentzian distance. The Lorentzian distance achieved the second rank only at level noise 10 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 80% and 90%, but at level noise 20%, 60%, and 80% outperformed by Canberra distance and at level noise 40 %, it outperformed by Manhattan distance, where these distances, Canberra and Manhattan achieved the second rank in theses level of noise. The Canberra distance achieved the third rank at a level of noise 80% and 50%, 40%, 30% and 10 %. This distance at level noise 10 % was equivalent to the Square chi-square distance in the result. At a level of noise 90%, the

distance from the 0.0 m label to the 3.0 s label. That measure is written as 3s and the distance in

This simplified 2D example will demonstrate how GPS uses trilateration to pinpoint an unknown location. Once a receiver has "locked in" onto a satellite, the unknown position may be anywhere within the radius of 1000 km of satellite one. The receiver picks up a signal from a second satellite and calculates the range as 1200 km. The position has been narrowed down to two positions; where the ranges intersect. If the receiver picks up another satellite, the unknown position can be found by calculating where all three distances are possible.

The first thing I wanted to do was to estimate the approximate distance of which the

GPS works off of twenty-four satellites located 11,000 nautical miles above Earth's surface. These satellites track receivers, which are on Earth. Receivers can be GPS in a car, a chip located in a cell phone, military tracking devises, police radios, or even something as every day as a watch. The distance between the satellite and receiver is measured using the exact distance from six different satellites that locates a particular receiver on a particular path at the intersection of the two satellites. The exact distance and time that it takes to measure the distance is tracked and formulated to produce the exact longitudinal and latitudianl axis of the person being located. As complicated as the mathematical procedures sounds, the radio signals are transmitted instantaneously and the close approximate location of a subject is known at once.9

Abstract— GPS has major issues with security and speed of signal which can be overcome by aiding GPS along with Inertial Measurement Unit using Kalman filter. An inertial measurement unit is based on inertial navigation system which is an autonomous system that provides us information about position, velocity and attitude based on the measurements by inertial sensors and by applying Newton's laws of motion, which determines the vehicle’s current position from knowledge of its previous position and the sensors which helps in calculating accelerations and angular rotational measurements of the vehicle. Specified initial conditions been given or on considering inertial frame of reference, upon one integration of acceleration we obtain velocity

Non contact distance measuring: Because sound can be timed from when it leaves the transducer to when it returns, distance measuring is easy and accurate to .05% of range which equates to +or- .002 of an inch at a distance of 4 inches.

Several technologies are available for the purpose of localizing a person. A GPS is locator/receiver available on most smart phones and can be used to roughly locate a user. However, it comes with its drawback. The GPS is unavailability indoors. Its usage is limited inside buildings and places unreachable by satellite signal.

By using the GPS sensor, you can get current information from the GPS receiver, such as (x) and (y) coordinates, and velocity.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS’) are widely used around the world. It’s a system composed of satellites, computers, and receivers. Their purpose is to send precise back specific details of their position (in space), back to Earth. With this device we can calculate precise positions and also the speed and time of automobiles location. GPS’ receive their signals from the satellites in space. They are used for navigation devices, in cars, phones and GPS’ themselves!

This section provides details about the distance sensors which are part of the VIBA system as seen in Figure 2.1 above. Section 3.1 pertains to the method of which the distance sensors of the VIBA calculate the distance between the cyclist and the edge of the track using the principle known as time-of-flight. Section 3.2 pertains to the method of which the distance sensors maintain accuracy around the track using the principle known as retroreflection.

Accuracy: The accuracy of GPS is usually not enough when small scale of space and fine grained location discrimination are considered, especially on nonprofessional devices with poor quality. And due to its inherent large scale, GPS is difficult to maintain and update, while in many scenarios, the space of interest for localizing is highly dynamic.

Mobile positioning technology has become an important area of research, for emergency as well as for commercial services. Mobile positioning in cellular networks will provide several services such as, locating stolen mobiles, emergency calls, different billing tariffs depending on where the call is originated, and methods to predict the user movement inside a region. The evolution to location-dependent services and applications in wireless systems continues to require the development of more accurate and reliable mobile positioning technologies. The major challenge to accurate location estimation is in creating techniques that yield acceptable performance when the direct path from the transmitter to the receiver is