Wistar Bone

The surgical procedure. A total knee replacement is a surgical procedure where the diseased knee joint is completely replaced by artificial materials that resemble the original knee joint. The orthopedic surgeon removed the end of the femur and the end of the tibia by using metal pieces and sawing the bone, to ensure that he removes the right amount of bone. The end of the femur bone is replaced with metal and the end of the tibia bone is replaced with plastic and metal. A plastic piece was added under the patella because the surface under the patella was damaged as well. These artificial materials, called prosthesis, have smooth surfaces so when they rub against each other, it does not cause damage and is pain-free. The purpose of this surgery is to remove the diseased portions of the joint and replace it with artificial materials to prevent further deterioration and eliminate pain, stiffness, and decreases in function that were caused by the osteoarthritis.

Saphenous vein was retracted in a dorsal postion, linear incision made in the periosteum. The calcaneo and the talonavicular joint were carefully exposed. Cartillage, or what was remaining of cartilage was removed. There were extreme osteoarthritic thoughout. Essentially 5%-10% of cartilage remained. The osteophytes were carefully excised with osteotome, the joint was prepared with microfracture using an osteotome on both sides of the joint.

PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: The patient was brought into the operating room, after satisfactory anesthesia, was placed in the left lateral dicubitis position. The right hip was prepped and draped. A previous made incision was reopened over the greater trochanter and carried down to Illiotibial (IT) band. The IT band was opened in the direction of the skin incision. The anterior 1/3 of the gluteus medius/minimus group was reflected off the trochanter over to the anterior brim of the pelvis. The hip was dislocated. The femoral component was easily removed. It was loose in the cement. The polyethylene was loose and easily removed. There was a lot of cement in and around the acetabulum. We debridement most of this. There was a wired mesh plug that went medially into the pelvis that was left in place. There was also one in the ishium that was quite stable and it was left in place. There was a large defect in the medial wall of the acetabulum about the size of a silver dollar.

An incision will be made in your hip. Your surgeon will take out any damaged cartilage and bone.

Total knee arthroplasty are also known as total knee replacement. It is used as one of the option to relive the pain and to restore the function to an arthritic knee. Total knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement is used when other methods such as weight loss, physical therapy, medical or injections have failed to relive arthritis- associated knee pain. Knee replacement implant is remove of damaged cartilage and bones from surface of knee joint and followed by implantation of an artificial knee joint made with biomaterials. Femoral components and tibial component are made with metal alloy. Between the Femoral component and tibal component there is a Polyethylene layer. Inflammatory response is Phagocytes which is cells that are able to

Although complicated and difficult, the post-operative care is more time consuming and labour intensive because the horse must be confined to its stall for weeks and possibly months. Because they are unable to stay still and off the broken limb for the duration of the recovery, a sling is often used to help immobilize the horse and take the weight off the healing limb. The sling is hung from the ceiling and is placed around the thorax and abdomen which can lead to pressure sores and lung damage because all the weight of the animal is concentrated on these two areas. On the other hand, Dr. Montgomery’s device is deemed safer and more effective because the sling is not only around the thorax and abdomen, but also around the chest and upper hind legs which helps distribute the weight more evenly. This device also allows the horse to be mobile while recovering and slowly adding its own body weight to the healing limb which prevents muscle

Predict what would happen if during an accident the periosteum and the muscle were removed from a side of a long bone that is broken.

Over three hundred thousand hip replacements were performed in 2010. A two hundred percent increase from 2000. The number of replacements has continued to grow as recovery from the surgery has become much faster. Although recovery time has decreased, patients are still at risk of infection from their bodies rejecting the metal replacement hip. Infection from the bodies’ reaction to the metal hip will soon become a problem of the past as researchers have begun making replacement hips out of bone-like material infused with antibiotics. These new replacements will allow the body to heal with the new structure instead of fighting the foreign material. Patients will recover even faster with less chance of infection. Each patient’s hip will be custom-made to model the patient's bone with a new technique called Fused Filament Fabrication

It would be important for the patient to understand how much bone was damaged and where. The patient would need to understand that the cause of the bone loss was related to the steroid use. Treatment of osteonecrosis are directed towards improving joint use, halting joint damage and bone protection. Some nonsurgical treatments include; NSAIDS for discomfort, weight loss to minimize bone burden, range of motion activities, and electrical stimulation to prompt bone growth (Osteonecrosis, 2014). This patient must watch closely for signs of fracture or collapsed femoral head. In these situations, surgery would be required to correct the failed bone structure, however this is uncommon. The prognosis for the patient described in the case study is good. He and his family would be educated on bone supplements during time of asthma exacerbation. This would provide some supplementation for the bone mass he might lose during those times of steroid treatment (Tse et al.,

As previously stated, hyperammonemia is metabolic condition that expresses symptoms of high levels of ammonia within the blood stream. As a result, there are increased levels of nitrogen, which are toxic for the patient’s brain (1). However, nitrogen can be removed from the body by a less toxic substance known as urea. Urea plays a significant role in nitrogen metabolism. The target enzyme for treatment for people with hyperammonemia will be from the urea cycle. The urea cycle occurs partially in the mitochondria and mostly in the cytosol.

Biomarkers of bone formation reflect osteoblast activity and are byproducts of collagen and non-collagenous matrix proteins ,growth factors and osteoblastic enzymes released in the circulation when bone is being formed ( Eastell and Hannon 2008). They include ALP ,bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, OC, and procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide ( Young 2012 ).

An important factor when treating canine osteosarcoma is managing bone pain. Cronin (2008), a veterinary oncologist, believes pain management is challenging when treating osteosarcoma (as cited in Osborne, 2008). She mentions, “Amputation effectively relieves bone pain and is the standard of care for patients…” (as cited in Osborne, 2008). Amputation of the affected limb manages pain and improves the quality of life when combined with other treatments (as cited in Osborne, 2008). As a result, dogs are usually treated with chemotherapy (“Bone cancer in dogs”,

The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The fibula is only involved to the extent that it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.

This inhibition at low concentrations prevented bone denigration and kept a healthy proliferation rate of bone cells. This process was tracked with F-ALN to demonstrate that ALN was taken into cells from cell surface into bone marrows in the replanted teeth and into osteoblastic cells in vitro. Local ALN treatment enhanced the growth of bone forming cells adjacent to the bone surfaces in the in vivo model. Results were consistently affirming that N-BPs can directly affect the osteoblast growth and proliferation.

with equine demineralised bone matrix (DBM) and the second group was left to fill by the blood clot. All patients were evaluated radiographically at interval of 3 months and 6 months. First 3 months there was no significant difference in bone density but on 6 month the first group filled with DBM showed a greater difference in bone density than the second group. In this work DBM has a tendency to migrate from graft site and lack of stability after surgery which sometime effects clinical utility of the material. To overcome this problem author used thermogelling chitosan carrier to fill the DBM powder in cavities. Chitosan carrier is prepared by mixing four volumes of a viscous chitosan- GP solution with one volume of hydroxyethyl cellulose