With Reference to Examples, Assess the Degree to Which the Level of Economic Development of a Country Affects Planning and Management in Urban Areas.

Urbanization is currently having a huge effect on civilization causing appalling living conditions, widespread disease, and a influx in crime; which is shortening peoples lives. This terrible event is being caused by the appearance of Industrialization. With the increase of machine-based job availability in factories that are alongside each other thousands of people are flooding to nearby cities that are not prepared for them. With many unprepared cities doubling or even tripling in population and nothing to keep them in order the cities are covered in dirty, leftover trash and the housing often includes full families in small, damp, bare rooms. These unfitting environments are the reason people are often coming down with illnesses that are easily spread to become epidemics that can effect everyone.

With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline. (40 marks)

The modern reality of the cities is defined by complex urban, social and environmental problems. The era of intense urbanisation is associated with the phenomenon of the unregulated urban sprawl, globalisation and consumerism. Especially for the metropolis, for both, the developed and developing countries, there is overconcentration of the population in confined spaces, which leads to insufficient-available infrastructures of common utility, accommodation and transportation. This has become a fact that is causing problems with the living conditions, and enhances the negative environmental effects. Due to those problems, humanity tried to create a theoretical concept of the ‘ideal’ and an

Urbanization is defined as an omnipresent process during which a primary and rural society revolves gradually into a cultivated and industrious one. The linkage between industrialization and urban growth defies an explicit description it is tight and visible, but cannot be simply reduced to direct linearity. It is well known that many small African countries have initiated or accomplished low-level urbanization without economic growth. Roughly without industrial revolution, a few cities such as Italy and Netherlands had their urban dweller proportion raised. Switzerland, Germany, England and France had the similar phenomena.

For the past decades the trend of urbanization has rapidly increased, especially in developing countries. Urbanization may be defined as a process in which people from rural areas are migrating to the city. The sudden increase of the population in cities has brought significant problems to their inhabitants, the environment and resources. These problems are providing housing with basic facilities and public transport, mitigating the effect of pollution which is detrimental to the environment and people, and sustaining its development and resources. Sustainable development is defined in the Brundtland Report in Our Common Future as ‘development

The significant increase of the world’s urban population has lead to a crisis of unprecedented enormity in urban housing provision. All these new urban citisens need to be provided with shelter, employment and with basic services. The limited capacity of most urban economies in developing countries, such as Brazil, are unable to meet more than a reduced part of these needs, so that most of the employment and housing supply are found in the ‘informal’ sector, where around 67% of the urban population in developing countries are currently living and working (Habitat III Issue Papers - Informal Settlements 2015).

The term ‘urban global south’ has emerged as an important conceptual term in debates about urbanization development and globalization. It is a product of unequal local and global power relations. There has been a growing body of literature surrounding the topic of ‘globalized urbanization’ in specific relation to the city due to its increasing economic and socio-political power. The process of ‘Urbanization’ can be defined as “the redistribution of populations from rural to urban settlements over time” (Peng et al, 2010b: 2). An inexorable issue with the term is its origin; most urban growth is evidently shown to be in the global south, (as seen in table 1) with less developed regions showing the greatest average annual urban

Urban areas have been growing twice as fast as urban population (Karen C. Seto). Urbanization, however, varies significantly across countries. Some of the major trends witnessed in urban areas include; - spatial growth of urban areas faster than urban population, modification of both local and

The Russian economy and the rest of the Soviet Union was operated on the basis of centrally planned economy for almost over 60 years. It functioned with a state control over nearly all means of production, investment, consumption and production decisions throughout the economy. The policy under economy was made according to directives from the Communist Party, which was known to control all aspects of economic activity. In the early 1990s, after the decline of Communism, Russia experienced difficulties in switching from a centrally planned economy to a market based economy.

　　　We all know the urbanization rate is an index to value the development of a country. However, though urbanization provides great convenience to some individuals, it also brings about negative effects. Problems such as pollution, overcrowded and the high unemployment appear during the process of urbanization and they are hard to cope with. In face of the sequence of problems, a new way of development ----sustainable development was put forward. Just like its literal meaning, the word sustainability has something to do with continuity. It was used since 1980s and first appeared in Britain law in 1993. Sustainable development can help solve parts of the problem caused by

This is the process by which the people are migrating from the rural area to urban area for the searching the employment opportunities. In the processes increases the number of people living in the cities among those people who are living in the rural areas. In the process the day to day become a number of the people increased those who are migrating from the rural area to urban areas. Most of the people are migrating from the rural to urban because of good quality of facilities provided by the State. The urbanization is begun during the industrial revolution when workers move the cities for the work in the factories.

This is a result of globalization and diffusion of technologies; cities growth process has been influenced greatly by these two factors. Information communication technology (ICT) is now playing an important role in governance and management of the cities in various sectors e.g. government services, transport and traffic management, energy, health care, water, innovative urban agriculture and waste management

“Transportation infrastructure has always shaped the evolution and economic position of cities. First, our major cities largely grew around seaports. Next, urban development took place along rivers that formed the backbone of the industrial revolutions in the United States. Railroads opened up landlocked interiors of nations, fostering a third wave of city growth outward from their main terminals. Then, the expansion of suburban roadway systems created a fourth wave of urban development. We are now well into a fifth wave of transit-oriented development, where large commercial airports have become significant drivers of business location and urban economic growth” (Kasarda, May 13, 2015).

3) Urbanization is extremely rapid across the world. So, it is very important for every developing as well as the developed countries to make a Resilient city. Resilient cities are the one that has developed capacities to help absorb future shocks and stresses to its social, economic, and technical systems and infrastructures to still be able to maintain essentially the same functions, structures, systems, and identity.” As the definition clearly states about how to make the city to be more stable due to extreme usage of resources that leads to the degradation of resources and the environment. Throughout the world due to the increase in the urbanization that is shift of people from the rural places to the urban region in search of employment. This is due rapid growth of industries where they are need of people for working. Due to this there is a rapid utilization of resources and also there is a economic downturn that has led to the poverty.

The literature review consists basically a thorough desk based research of available materials linked to the subject in libraries and on the Internet. The more recent literature is examined basically from the 1990s for the development of the theoretical and conceptual discussions. Major scientific journals concerning urban expansion and growth, peripheral development, metropolitan development and