The number of Americans older than 65 will double from over 40 million in 2014 (Shear et al., 2014) to almost 80 million in 2040 (West, Cole, Goodkind, & He, 2014), representing over 20% of the total population (see Figure 1). In 2014, of those over 65, 50% of women and 10% of men have lost a spouse; cumulatively losing three times this number of siblings and nine times the number of friends (Holland, Futterman, Thompson, Moran, & Gallagher-Thompson, 2013). Women outnumbered men by 3.6 million in 2010 (West et al. 2014); translating to approximately 11 million women and 2 million men enduring spousal loss. Figure 1. Projections for Over 65 Population Based from 2010 Census Data (West et al., 2014).
The over 85 population will triple
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This paper provides a literature review of the reactions and issues associated with bereavement and loss among the elderly. It also identifies some programs recommended by research providing treatment and relief for CG associated with spousal loss. Primarily recent scholarly, peer-reviewed literature (since 2013) comprises a basis for the current review.
Reactions Associated with Elderly Bereavement
Spousal loss at any age can be traumatic, but does not typically occur in the presence of all the other losses prevalent for elderly people which continually add stress prior to the death of a spouse (James & Gilliland, 2017). Two classes of initial reaction exist in the literature. Many reactions result directly from the loss, such as loneliness and restructuring one’s life routines. Some reactions preexisted prior to the loss and are exacerbated by it, such as health issues like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).
Utz, Swenson, Caserta, Lund, and deVries (2014) identified loneliness as the most significant challenge bereaved widowed individuals dealt with. Their study evaluated the role of social support in countering the degree and length of time for loneliness; and generated several findings.
• There was a lack of distinct relationship between the feelings of loneliness and the size of one’s social network.
• A higher correlation
Society and culture have created scripts (i.e., social norms) that dictate the ways in which we are to grieve. These scripts also prescribe the unique ways in which men and women are expected to respond to grief. Specifically, men’s grief scripts suggest that men will resolve to grieve in solitude as a demonstration of their self-reliance. Men may also have muted emotional response and expressed emotions are typically in the form of anger or guilt (Martin & Doka, 2011). Comparatively, women’s grief scripts suggest that women are more emotive and seek support from others to help cope with loss (Martin & Doka, 2011).
The Two-Track Model of Bereavement is a model that states loss is conceptualized along two axes. Track I pertains to the biopsychosocial functioning in the event of a loss and Track II pertains to the bereaved’s continued emotional attachment and relationship to whoever is deceased. The effect of Track I is seen through the bereaved’s functioning, including their anxiety, their self-esteem and self-worth, and their depressive affect and cognitions. Noting the ability of one to invest in life tasks after experiencing a loss indicates how they are responding to the loss of the deceased. This Track is seen as an expression similar to one of trauma, or crisis. Track II holds that the bereaved has difficulty physically separating from the deceased. This can be seen in emotional, interpersonal, or cognitive ways. It is shown through imagery and memories that the bereaved experiences surrounding the deceased, whether positive or negative, as well as the emotional distance from them. These pictures in the bereaved’s head explain both the cognitive and emotional view of the person who has died (Rubin, 1999).
The life transition of death and dying is inevitably one with which we will all be faced; we will all experience the death of people we hold close throughout our lifetime. This paper will explore the different processes of grief including the bereavement, mourning, and sorrow individuals go through after losing someone to death. Bereavement is a period of adaptation following a life changing loss. This period encompasses mourning, which includes behaviors and rituals following a death, and the wide range of emotions that go with it. Sorrow is the state of ongoing sadness not overcome in the grieving process; though not pathological, persistent
Loss is a phenomenon that is experienced by all. Death is experienced by family members as a unique and elevated form of loss which is modulated by potent stages of grief. Inevitably, everyone will lose someone with whom they had a personal relationship and emotional connection and thus experience an aftermath that can generally be described as grief. Although bereavement, which is defined as a state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one, is a universal experience it varies widely across gender, age, and circumstance (definitions.net, 2015). Indeed the formalities and phases associated with bereavement have been recounted and theorized in literature for years. These philosophies are quite diverse but
Marche argues that social media such as Facebook is the main cause of people becoming lonelyfor this epidemic occurrence. He begins his article by introducing a death of a Hollywood iIcon, Yvette Vickers. It was noted that Vicki’s mummified body was found only decades after her death. She died in isolation, alone and forgotten by the outside world. Noting the fear of loneliness. A famous celebrity dying without anyone noticing would instill fear being lonely. People are currently “living in isolation that would have been unimaginable to our ancestors, and yet we have never been more accessible” (Marche). Over the years, technology has advanced, exposing many people to social media. Due to this increase of exposure, people are even more
This study was conducted using the phenomenological method. Phenomenology, like midwifery, strives to find meaning of human experiences. Doherty and Desch express their concern for the growing population of widowed women and its contributing factors. Some of those factors include war, terrorist attacks, and natural disasters. Two groups of women were chosen as participants, September 11th widows and US military widows from Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Ages ranged from 21-38 years old and
Additionally, the women compare this grieving to the mourning process when their partner dies. Moreover, when their spouse passes away, not only are they morning a death, but they are learning how to transition into providing for their family (Sakarida, 2015).
Person A within my placement at a residential home had just received bad news that her sister had died within the month of November. Observing their behaviour on a weekly basis while I was at work allowed me to interpret and analyse how their behaviour changed and when they experienced stress due to this loss. Bereavement and loss can have a major impact on older people, they are coping with the decline and death of close family members and friends but however they themselves are probably experiencing losses for example changes in their identity, status, relationship, lifestyles, independence and even energy. This loss of a loved one had a profound effect on the individual due to the bond they had as sisters, they relied on each other, they trusted each other when this bond is broke it can cause severe distress. This individual suffering the loss and bereavement became isolated and confined themselves to their room, and they neglected their personal care becoming more dependent however before this loss they were entirely independent. They became emotional and tended to cry and yearn for their loved one, or they were frustrated and agitated as they couldn’t cope with the difficulties, they experienced the feeling of anger or guilt from thinking they could have done more or they felt responsible. Through observing this individuals behaviour from experiencing bereavement and loss there are several stages an individual can go through, Bowlby’s Attachment Theory argues that these
It is common for older people to experience the death of significant others. Spousal loss is most common among elderly (Ward, Mathias & Hitchings, 2007). The death in older couple is usually predictable especially when they have chronic illness or poor condition (Hansson & Stroebe, 2007). In Hong Kong, bereavement is universal issue experienced by elderly. In 2011, there were 31.0% older persons were widowed (Census and Statistics Department, 2013). Therefore, this paper aims at discussing the application of bereavement therapy in working with bereaved elderly, that is, older people who has experienced the death of significant others. Moreover, the paper will discuss limitation or challenges of applying bereavement therapy in working with bereaved
Grief is a common problem in the older adult which causes adverse effects on them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the needs of the older adults in our society who are constrained by grief. Grief can be defined as a natural and normal reaction to loss in all of its totality including its physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and spiritual manifestations. Grief is a serious issue in the world as well as in Canada which can be defined as the response of physical illness, isolation problems, loss of loved ones and, financial problems. It has adverse effects on the older adults that lead to a number of undesirable outcomes such as physical, psychological and, emotional problems. Therefore, the government and society must be committed to provide supports to overcome the old people’s grief in order to bring a happier and healthier life of old people in society. This paper provides information regarding different prevention programs and how they are helpful to reduce the grief in the older adults.
Ever noticed an elderly couple performing normal daily activities and think to yourself, what would they do without one another? Many of us have elderly relatives who are either married or have someone with whom they have a tight bond with, such as a best friend, and we believe they keep each other alive. We are all born to die, but how we cope with death is different. When someone dies, persons affected may feel depressed, sad and even angry. Looking at death from a different perspective, such as a loved one going to a better place, instead of a loss can cause relatives to celebrate. This is usually the case when the cause of death is natural. When death of a spouse is because of a traumatic event, love ones are left with
The economic, social and political status of women have direct bearings on the level of fertility in any society. Where women 's roles are exclusively defined in terms of household management and matrimonial duties, as is the case in Ethiopia, they are subject to the expectation that they replenish the race by bearing a large number of children and assume full responsibility for maintaining them almost single handedly. Since women are, by and large, economically dependent on men, the decision to have or not have children rests, primarily in the husband and his relatives. The conscious but unarticulated realization that not all children born survive, serves as an inducement to high fertility performance in order to
“As has been long observed, men are people, but women are women" Acclaimed British-Canadian Author and Psychologist, Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: How our Minds, Society and Neurosexism Create Difference. Published 2005
Loneliness has been identified as the absence of an emotionally meaningful relationship. You do not fully understand the trauma of loneliness until you lose someone whose presence has come to mean a lot to you. It is like a vice around your chest—every breath unwanted, agonizing. For days the heaviness weighs down and you have absolutely no interest in anything. There was absolutely no appetite for anything, it is like a recurring nightmare. It’s unreal, yet the truth of it keeps pounding in your head. There is no longer any real purpose to anything, no one to share the odd little things
Around half of the working population consists of women, yet this number is often not reflected in traditionally male fields (Peters, Ryan, Haslam, & Fernandes, 2012). Although some may have joined these role, many women eventually leave male-dominated occupations resulting in underrepresentation in those fields, especially higher up the ladder (Peters, Ryan, & Haslam, 2013). Many of these male–dominated occupation are well paid and highly respected (Peters et al., 2012) which makes it important to identify why women are choosing to leave these careers. A study by Peters et al. (2012) showed that the perception of lack of fit with the dominant culture affects women’s ability to identify with the role and leads to them leaving or having the intention to leave. People disidentify with the job due to lack of fit with the prototype (Peters et al., 2012) hindering their career development, especially for women in masculine fields as more and more choose to leave.