Women Should Not Be Pregnant By Tiloma Jayasinghe

Public health researchers with the UC San Francisco group, Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health, conducted a longitudinal study of 956 women who sought an abortion and were turned away. Diana Foster’s study reveals what happened to the women’s economic standing, health and relationship status after being denied their right. She claims that, “When a woman is denied the abortion she wants, she is statistically more likely to wind up unemployed, on public assistance, and below the poverty line” (Newitz). This is clear because one of the major factors in a woman’s decision to abort, is because of her awareness that she will not be able to financially support her child. One of a woman’s most formidable fears is to fail to adequately raise her child and provide him with his greatest odds to succeed. Naturally, a mother’s ultimate goal is for her children to have a better life than she did. This fuels the majority of people’s ambition and determination to obtain a comfortable and promising life style, to then pass on to their offspring. Women living in poverty seek abortions because they do not want to bring a child in a life of misery and suffering. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is not just blindly decided, all aspects of the mother’s and child’s life are considered. In fact, after initially being denied the right to abort, the survey demonstrates that 45% of the women were on public assistance (Newitz). However, Foster concludes, “a year later, they were far more likely to be on public assistance — 76% of the turnaways were on the dole…67% percent of the turnaways were below the poverty line” (Newitz). Therefore, it is evident that not allowing women to legally have abortions creates more strain on the state because of these mothers' increased dependence on social assistance programs.

Substance abuse during pregnancy can have a negative force on the health and wellness of not only the fetus, but that of the mother. The harmful effects of medications, alcohol and illegal drugs on an unborn child can be devastating and can have significant consequences to its use. Sometimes the effects can be faced and treated, and other times the outcome is a lifelong challenge. During the prenatal period, it is important that new mothers are informed of the different types of abuse, how they may affect the fetus, and the adverse conditions their child may be faced with before and after birth.

Through the years, substance misuse in the United States has turned into an industrious issue influencing numerous people. In 2008, it was assessed that 17.8 million Americans beyond 18 years old where substance subordinate. Women who use medications during pregnancy can have an enduring impact on fetal. Medications can have an impact of maternal and child wellbeing, yet there are a lot of different variables, which influence it, poor social environment, nourishment, cleanliness, and sexual abuse. Regenerative interruption connected with heroin utilization has been shown in both and women and even low dosages of opiates can impede ordinary ovarian capacity and ovulation. The harm that goes hand in hand with substance utilization comes either straightforwardly from the impact of the medication itself or from issues identified with development and/or unexpected labor. The entanglements of jumbling components clamorous way of life, poor nourishment, liquor utilization and cigarette smoking influence the appraisal of the impacts of cocaine in pregnancy. In obstetric practice, 100% of pregnant women utilizing cocaine or heroin are cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking is presumably the most well known manifestation of substance utilizes and is noteworthy corresponding considering ladies who use unlawful medications. Babies whose moms smoked in pregnancy have a tendency to have lower conception weights and diminished length, cranial and thoracic

Drug-addicted women are the stakeholders in this dilemma. Drug-addicted or former drug-addicted women are being pressured into thinking that controlling their fertility is the only way in which to not be considered a horrible person or bad mothers. No one should be allowed to try to persuade women to give up their reproductive rights. Just because some women choose to use drugs or alcohol does not mean that they are not responsible enough to make proper health or parenting decisions on their own, they especially do not need monetary incentives to make sound decisions. “Evidence suggests that women who use drugs do not need to be paid to limit or end their fertility” (Olsen, 2014). Preferably, programs should try to minimize the barriers that these women have to face in order to obtain information. Organizations should be non-discriminating and non judgmental towards women’s reproductive health.

Although throughout the United States activist and educational campaigns have flooded U.S citizens with education on the detrimental effects of maternal alcohol consumption, women are still continuing to consume alcohol while pregnant. Fifty three percent of non-pregnant woman drink alcohol, and despite health warnings, twelve percent of pregnant mothers in the United States still consume alcohol (Pruett &Waterman & Caughey, 2013, p. 62). Fetal alcohol exposure is also believed to be widely underreported in the United States (Pruett et al., 2013, p. 66). Current research concludes that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption, nor a safe time during gestation for alcohol consumption to take place (National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [NOFAS], 2014). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term used for the various conditions that maternal alcohol consumption causes. Although each case of FASD can present differently, cognitive disabilities, facial deformities, and growth retention are a few of the hallmark adverse effects that alcohol has when it enters fetal circulation (Paley & O’Connor, 2011, p. 64). The United States is impacted economically by these debilitating conditions as well, as it costs our nation $746 million dollars annually to care for these children (Bhuvaneswar, Chang, Epstein & Stern, 2007, p. 3). Nurses in America, and across the globe have a key role in helping to eliminate, and minimize adverse effects of these conditions

     Drinking during pregnancy is often thought of as no big deal. However, drinking during pregnancy is a very big deal. An unborn baby’s life is in the hands of the mother. If she decides to drink, she is risking the unborn’s chances of being as smart and healthy as it can be. Drinking during pregnancy opens the doors to a variety of harmful effects on the mother and her unborn baby, and until this is brought out in the open with honesty, it cannot be prevented.

The concern is not being placed on the woman, but rather on the result of her biological process: her “baby”, with its potential to be born “normal”, if only the circumstances of its mother are controlled to allow for the possibility of normalcy. Recently, an addicted woman in New York, who had engaged in sex work in the past was told by a family court judge “not to get pregnant again until she has gained custody of her son”. This case adds to the legitimacy to Knight’s writing and highlights the continued need for addressing addicted pregnant women (FOX News, 2017; Weed, 2017). This particular case is addressed in a very different manner by two news publications. FOX News, a conservative news source, focuses on the previous children of this woman, describing how her drug use during pregnancy lead to the children being born addicted to drugs (FOX News, 2017). CNN, a more “liberal” news sources chose to focus on how ordering someone not to have children is a violation of their human rights (Weed, 2017). Yet neither article addresses the lack of concrete help for the sake of the addicted

The effects of excessive alcohol consumption has been proven to have had negative and persistent effects on babies, born from mothers who have consumed alcohol throughout their pregnancy, evidence linking that low to moderate amounts have put the fetus at risk for delays and have lifelong complications. (Nathanson, & O'Brien, 2000)

The rationality of those who support the punishment of addicted mothers focus on the idea that maternal conduct could lead to potential detrimental effects upon the fetus and that prosecution of such behavior would serve as both retribution for the fetus and as a deterrent. Whereas those who advocate for the pregnant women view this rational as not only impermissible but also unconstitutional as in current legal standing the fetus has no rights that usurp those of the pregnant woman (Stone-Manista, 2009, pp.823-856). Advocates also suggests that the breadth of forces that lead to drug use in pregnant women have a prevalent cultural and social foundation that the proponents for deterrence and retribution ignore in favor of strict scrutiny. This conflict between women’s rights and fetal rights has caused a paradigm in the prosecution of pregnant drug users as the interpretation of criminal sanctions argues over the definition of ‘child’ as encompassing fetuses in the definition would then lay the foundation for punishment for a woman’s conduct during pregnancy (Stone-Magnets, 2009, pp.823-856). Though currently it is unconstitutional and legally impermissible to prosecute women with state child abuse statutes in regards to drug use during pregnancy; advocates of fetal rights continue to follow

In Dorothy Roberts’ book “Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction and The Meaning of Liberty” (1997), we are challenged to consider the meaning of reproductive liberty. Dorothy writes: Reproductive liberty is a matter of social justice, not individual choice”. While this statement implies a woman’s right to make decisions regarding her body as an inalienable right, that was certainly not the case with thousands of Puerto Rico women were sterilized. Consent must be a decision that is reached with full disclosure on the choice being made. Without the knowledge needed to make an educated decision or if someone is threatened as in the case of the women in the “No Mas Bebes”, it is more coercion and manipulation than

In the mid-1980s, national attention on the relationship between drug use and pregnancy came about. Substance abuse during pregnancy is more prevalent than commonly realized. Substance abuse is more common among women

This newspaper article published by Daventry Express talks about the lack of information known about using cannabis and how it can affect women and their unborn babies. The authors had conducted a questionnaire to pregnant women asking them questions if they used cannabis during their pregnancy and how frequently they used. One issue with the questionnaire that the authors mention is the observational study is unable to determine if the pregnant women used other drugs or consumed alcohol. Their analysis showed that women who used cannabis were more likely to have an underweight newborn at birth

Once a woman has the habit of drinking when she is not pregnant, even if the woman is pregnante, it is also hard to change her habit. “Approximately one-third of the children of chronically alcoholic mothers who were drink during pregnancy will probably have FAS characteristics, although the proportion will vary according to the chronicity of the alcoholism and the amount of exposure”(Streissguth, 1986, p.15). Therefore, if a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy, it can cause irreparable harm to the baby, and some of serious cases will cause miscarriage.

“Cigarette smoking, alcohol use and substance abuse is common, and unfortunately, may have many adverse effects on the developing child as well as the pregnancy, including an increased risk of fetal growth restriction, premature delivery and placental abruption.” (Cogswell, M. E., Weisberg, P., & Spong, C. 2003) The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between these maternal habits and the adverse effects they have on pregnancy, particularly the infant.

Women should be aware about drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes while they are pregnant. At this time, many women who are pregnant don’t realized how dangerous it is consumed all of this things for their babies. However, in some cases women cannot prevent on having a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome, because sometimes women don’t know that they are pregnant until is too late. Maybe because they are not aware or well informed not enough to know that what they are consuming is having such serious effects on their baby, because teratogens can leave some of the most serious birth defects. Pregnant women who consume alcohol beverages or drugs, should prosecuted for child abuse. On the contrary’s of alcohol abused