Women 's Life Cycle Supply Decisions

As a child, I’ve seen my parents focused the majority of their time and energy at their work to provide for our family. In 2000, the U.S Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics had recorded that working couples with children under 18 years of age worked an average of 66 hours a week compared to couples without children, who worked an

The modern day woman works outside of the home, but then returns and continues to take care of housework and the children. Sociologists refer to this part of the woman’s day as the, “Second shift.” Two studies conducted found that if a man is more economically dependent on his wife, he is less likely to do housework. However, no evidence suggests that becoming economically independent makes marriage any less desirable for a woman. The family is the initial agent of socialization in their child’s life, however, even though the mother of the family may have the job with longer hours and better pay, the parents will still reinforce traditional gender roles in their household (Thompson 301-302.) This behavior can cause a child to embrace the stereotype that the woman’s only role is to cook, clean, and take care of the children. Even if a woman is the primary

Women feel more obligated to stay at home or work part time if they have children. Even if they share household chores with their spouses, many women still prefer to work less in order to sustain the home. However, women who are single mothers do not have the luxury to stay at home, and working part time may be the only option they have. For single mothers working is imperative in order to keep the family afloat financially, but with all of the commitments they have, they cannot balance everything. Childcare is essential, because while single mothers are working they need a reliable place to send their young children; the same with single fathers as well. Most women in the work force have children to take care of, and families to provide for, which many take as a decrease of masculinity, and the increase of femininity. On the contrary, many studies show that although the labor force is divided, the household is not and do a lot to maintain the household as well. According to Hertz and Marshall (2001), “Men who participate in more companionate activities with their children (such as play, leisure activities, and TV watching) are no more likely to take on other household chores than less-involved fathers. It is only men who participate in nurturing, are more nearly partners in family work. Men are also more likely to

Past researches either supported or opposed the perceived incompatibility between motherhood and employment (Pacaut et al, 2012). This study revealed an increase in work interruption among women who began working before having children. It also showed a big decline in the gap that separates women with children and those without. The study concluded that changing attitudes towards mothers' work did not appear to ease the balance of work and motherhood. These attitudes include the availability of daycare

According to the Center of American Progress, In 2013, in households with children younger than 6 years old, employed women spent 38.4 more minutes per day caring for children than employed men; they also spent 41.4 more minutes doing household activities, such as cleaning and cooking. Women are also more likely to leave the labor force to take care of children or other relatives, which affects their workforce experience; differences in experience explain 10.5 percent of the wage gap. While this is often a choice, it is influenced by family needs and by societal understandings of women’s responsibilities when it comes to housework and child care

For example, they need to work very hard to afford their basic need because working with low-way jobs they don’t afford for their basic needs. Therefore, some of them desire to work long hours to earn enough to pay for the rent. Consequently, they don’t have time for themselves because they need to spend their spare time to take care of their children after work because not all of them have the support from their families. In 2015, Hashim, Azmawati, and Endut (2015) reported that “these single bread winners are more likely to have jobs with poor pay and yet they are responsible for more people including themselves and their children” (p. 2). The women’s roles do not only take care of themselves, but they also have responsibilities to look after their children as well as their families. Hashim, Azmawati, and Endut (2015) concluded, “a single mother who is responsible for the health and well-being of herself, children and other family members are likely to be overwhelmed and experienced a higher level of stress compared to women with lesser roles and responsibilities” (p.2). Nowadays, women have chances to go outside to work, but they still need to spend much their time to do the housework because they have nobody to share the household tasks, so they have to do everything by themselves. In 2017, Berryhill and Durtschi reported, “The tension of meeting the demands of work at the expense of meeting the demands of

In the past 30 years, one of the most dynamic social changes in the history of the United States has taken place in the area of employment, specifically of women with children. Although, to some degree there have always been employed mothers, today a greater proportion of mothers are employed than ever before. Statistics show that in 1976, 48% of the population of women categorized as “married women with children” were employed and it increased to 62% in 1986 just 10 years later. What are the causes for this and how does it affect the children?

In “The Political Economy of Gender” background is provided on the economic outlook of what the gender gap means both economically and socially. What is fascinating is the evolution of economic models in dealing with the division of labor. Initial models on the topic such as Becker’s focused on the “male-dominated family of the 1950s.” While this seems archaic in its roots, it can be argued that this first examination provides a backdrop for the decades of extreme change that began to occur just

Today's women are being scrutnized if they decide to enter the work force and have children. There seems to be a stigma that you cannot be a career woman and have a family. Women find themselves entering the work force before they have children and then choosing to stay after the children are born . Some women find that their families require two incomes or in some cases their income may be the sole source. There are also positive outcomes of working mothers . Some studies show that while the lack of a mother's presence can impact a child negatively, a mother that does not work may have a severe impact on a family. With a dual income household , many mothers are able to make more choices for their families when it comes to nutrition and education . Based on today's society, there are negative and positive impacts on the family of a working mother .

. .” which causes mothers to allocate more time to childcare than household production (p. 667). These findings open up discussion of mothers’ time-use as it relates to the price of childcare, which would have important considerations and implications for policymakers.

Spend long hours working outside is also a reason why they need to send their children to child care for the whole day, or leave their children alone at home because not all solo mothers have much helps from their families. Therefore, they need to look for quality early learning, but some of them can’t find quality childcare or day nurseries with lower or no cost. D (2017) reported, “In Oregon, Massachusetts and New York, a single mother of an infant ages 0-3 would have to pay more than half of her income for day care at a center” (n.p). Some of solo single mother qualify for the child care subsidy, but they have to wait list for a long time. In 1993, Polakow pointed out that “many women worked night jobs while their children were asleep, fearing that discovery might lead to neglect charges” (p.50). Without adult’s supervision, their children are more likely to roam the street. Therefore, being single mother are very stressful because they can’t balance between work and children. Berryhill and Durtschi (2017) have noted, “Mothers who work demanding or inflexible jobs may experience that the demands at work may decrease maternal resources, especially when the demands come at the cost of being able to fulfill their role as a mother. The workplace can be an additional source of stress, especially if the job pre-vents mothers from attending to childcare needs” (p.239). Thus, the single mothers don’t have quality time with their children, or take care of their children because

1. At the beginning of the century, the presence of pre-school children was considered as one of the biggest constraints on the labour supply of married women. Even until 1994, only 40 percent of women with a dependent pre-school child were economically active and likely to be part of the formal labour force. Although recent studies of participation rates in 2014 showed a rising employment rate for married women with dependent pre-school children, evidence indicates that women with children are still less likely to work than those without. Is such a family reason of taking care of pre-school children still a major determinant of married women’s participation rate? Or has it ever been a contributive

Today's women are being scrutnize if they decide to enter the work force and have children. There seems to be a stigma that you cannot be a career woman and have a family. Women find themselves entering the work force before they have children and then choosing to stay after the children are born . Some women find that their families require two incomes or in some cases their income may be the sole source. There are also positive outcomes of working mothers . Some studies show that while the lack of a mother's presence can impact a child negatively, a mother that does not work may have a severe impact on a family. With a dual income household , many mothers are able to make more choices for their families when it comes to nutrition and education . Based on today's society there are negative and positive impacts on the family of a working mother .

Today's women are being scrutinized if they decide to enter the work force and have children. There seems to be a stigma that you cannot be a career woman and have a family. Women find themselves entering the work force before they have children and then choosing to stay after the children are born. Some women find that their families require two incomes or in some cases their income may be the sole source. There are also positive outcomes of working mothers. Some studies show that while the lack of a mother's presence can impact a child negatively, a mother that does not work may have a severe impact on a family. With a dual income household, many mothers are able to make more choices for their families when it comes to nutrition and

Indeed, I find that time spent out of the labour forcr for men increases significantly. Moreover, for households with children, I find that children substitute for adults in the two domains that men and women are moving away from: domestic work and self-employment activities. Consequently, I find that for children, time spent at educational institutions declines. Overall, given positive changes in female employment (and significant negative changes in male self-employment), I attribute the effect of the program to a reduction in caregiving tasks for women and increased healthcare utilization by men.