Women 's Rights And Equality

Throughout history, there has been a controversial argument on whether female genital mutilation should be banned from Africa. Some people describe female genital mutilation or FGM as a violation of women’s rights and others view it as served for a religious purpose having to do with the Islamic holy book, the Qur’an. Female Genital Mutilation is the removal of all or part of the external parts of the female genitalia. There are three different types of FGM; the first type of FGM is the Sunna Circumcision which is the removal of the tip of the clitoris. The second type is Clitoridectomy which is the removal of the entire clitoris and the adjacent labia. The third type is Infibulation which is the removal of the clitoris and the entire labia including the labia majora and minora. After the removal of the entire labia, the joining of the scraped sides are brought together using thorns or catgut, leaving only a small portion open for menstruation and urinating. Africa has the highest rates of FGM being performed. About 100 million women and girls are affected by FGM and at least 3 million girls are at risk undergoing this process every year. FGM is usually carried out by an elderly woman who is paid fees from the family of the girl undergoing this process (P.a.p.-Blog par. 2, 4). Female Genital Mutilation is usually performed on girl between the ages of three and adulthood. According to the UNICEF or United

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is commonly referred to as female circumcision. The process of FGM involves altering the clitoris, sometimes removing it partially or entirely. FGM is a social construction practiced by a myriad of countries, although no construction is absolutely universal for every culture. For my multicultural paper am going to discuss in detail, the historical orientation of FGM. Additionally I will compare and contrast the practices of FGM versus the western version of male circumcision through a religious lens.

In some cultures, the common practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Africa and the Middle East, are causing concerns amongst these young girls.

Female Genital Mutilation FGM is rising despite intervention that are in place. It is important to know how whether or not is enough being done to protect women and young girls from FGM in a borough where incidents of FGM are high.

Some women choose to change their routes, to avert it. According to The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women said in a recent report where published in 2013 that 99.3% of Egyptian women have had some form of sexual harassment, whether physical or verbal. Nonetheless,When women dress modernly, they are harassed by men because they look likes different than ordinary Muslim women. Some people in reality say that women are the ones to be blamed and that they bring it upon themselves by wearing tight provocative clothes.Thus, it's possible that a man finds a woman who is covered from head to toe in black sexually

Female Genital Mutilation known as FGM is a procedure which involves the cutting of female genital organs without any medical reasons. It’s a painful and uncomfortable practice which often leads to severe pain and sometimes can lead to death due to bleeding. Sometimes it is referred to as circumcision of the clitoris of a female according to World Health Organization WHO ( 2008) FGM is a forceful practice performed on young girls without their consent and the consequences are fatal; one can get numerous infections, infertility and complications with the worst scenario - death. In the UK it is a procedure that it seen to be the violation of human rights.

Female Genital Mutilation is believed to have started in Egypt 2,000 years ago and spread from there. Only a few years ago, FGM was considered a cultural tradition, but now the United Nations has labeled it as a violation of human rights. Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States has declared Female Genital Mutilation grounds for seeking asylum and is a punishable offense (1).

Female genital cutting (also known as female genital mutilation) is one of the most prevalent violations of the human rights of women in the world. As of 2010, 100 to 140 million female-bodied people were living with mutilated genitalia. According to the United Nations, “Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve altering or injuring the female genitalia for non-medical reasons.” Female genital cutting is a practice that is generally directed at female-bodied people under the age of 18. International institutions such as the United Nations call it “a violation of the rights of the child… [a violation of] the rights to health, security and physical integrity of the person, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.”

Female Genital Mutilation has been executed over generations due to the social dynamics which have made it difficult for girls, and their families to abandon the practice. The practice has no health

This paper presents the international community’s efforts to eliminate the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Egypt. The procedure is perceived as a violation of basic human rights and as such, efforts have been made to raise awareness to its damages, illegalize it and to create successful interventions to eliminate it (Shell-Duncan, 2008). The paper focuses on the issue of FGM in Egypt since Egypt shows a high rate of women having gone through the procedure (Boyle, Songora & Foss, 2001). As the risk factors and the possible issues are identified, a locally based solution is suggested as an appropriate and effective intervention. The case of Egypt points out a controversial issue of cultural values vs. universal values and the

The term female genital mutilation or cutting refers to “all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genital or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons” (WHO, 4). The practice of female genital mutilation dates back over 2000 years ago, and is thought to have originated in Egypt as a sign of nobility. However, the practice now holds a deeply rooted inequality between the sexes and remains a severe form of discrimination against women. Since the practice has been a part of Egyptian culture for so long, it has become culturally integrated both socially and economically. There are four classifications of female genital mutilation: partial or total removal of the clitoris (clitoridectomy), partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia minora (excision), narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora (infibulation) and all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes (WHO, 5). In 2008, the World Health Organization estimated that 91.1% of Egyptian girls and women had undergone female genital mutilation (WHO, 4). However, the validity and reliability of the data is skeptical to many because of the interview style method used to acquire the data.

Female Genital Mutilation refers to several manners of conducting operations of women and girls, involving the partial or total removal of external genitalia. This practice is considered a traditional practice amongst many people and communities throughout the world. While the practice has been ongoing for centuries it has been deemed a human rights violation on the grounds that it inflicts harm on females, including damaging them in a physical, sexual, and psychological manner. These rights violations fall under The Convention of the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.

Additionally, sexual problems associated with female genital mutilation have rarely been documented; this could be one of the reasons why female genital mutilation is hard to stop. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review two of the few, but very important articles. The studies in the following articles managed to address two major misconceptions that lead societies to practice female genital mutilation. Most importantly, these studies managed to address the implications of female genital mutilation on female sexuality. These studies also managed to get direct information from the victims of female genital mutilation (FGM).

Documentaries concerning sexual harassment in Egypt are getting more serious each day. The problem is age-old, however not till lately the government and the media started taking actions against this striking crime. Sexual harassment is present in every society around the world, in every place in Egypt – and it cost women an immeasurable damage emotionally and physically. It terrorizes women holding them back from their lives, work and duties, forcing them to measure the value of opportunities against the risk to their safety. The way sexual harassment has created fear in every basic life demand, women always trying to find a more secure path in their lives by avoiding sexual harassment, which sometimes manipulate their actions and decisions.

They are taught that they have the right to control women in their lives, such as their sisters, daughters, wives, and even mothers. As a lot of Egyptian men accustom to violate the rights for the women in their lives, they violate the rights of any woman they can take advantage of by harassing her in any way verbally or physically. Results of a study by The Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights in 2013, show that 62.4 percent of the male surveyed admitted committing one or more act of women sexual harassment, such as molesting women, using obscene language, shouting sexually explicit comments, and touching women’s bodies (11). Secondly, a lot of Egyptian males look at a woman as a body, an object, or a tool for pleasure not as a human being who has emotions, intelligence, and privilege. Results also show that 41.8 percent of the male surveyed believe that the harassing acts accrue to satisfy their sexual desire and to feel more confident (Hassan, Shoukry, and Abul Komsan 11). These results emphasize how harassers look to women as just bodies controlled or owned by another man either father, brother, or husband, and they are not as equal as men in human rights. Finally, Egyptian youth try to imitate harassment acts to prove that they become adults. The same scenario happens almost every holiday or huge gathering, groups of youth break through crowded streets and public areas seeking to harass