Women 's Risk For Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Essay

Death and illnesses among women, infant, and child are preventable. In pregnancy, existing health risks can distinguish or prevent any future health problems for women and their children. According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2016), some high-risk factors that may consider are the following: hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, depression, genetic conditions, sexually transmitted diseases, tobacco and alcohol abuse, inadequate nutrition and unhealthy weight. By having this government Healthy 2020 initiative, factors that can affect the pregnancy and childbirth such as poverty,

Currently, Community Prevention Partnership of Berks County, Nurse Family Partnership, home visitation Program, provides services to first time low income expectant mothers. The organization has been delivering the program for many years. Successfully, the program serves 250 families. The Berks county, Nurse Family Partnership program has served 1600 first time poor mothers, and 1250 children since it began. Most NFP clients by the time of referral are 18 years of age. Accordingly, the thirty-one percent of this first-time mothers receives Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) and about fifty five percent are receiving Medicaid assistance. In fact, the household income average is 16, 000 and fifty two percent of mothers have not obtained a high school or GED diploma. Indeed, NFP outcomes involves maternal and child’s development education, referral and follow ups. Also, the program encourages breastfeeding, immunization updates developmental screenings. It has reduced smoking during pregnancy by 16.9% as well as prematurity rate by 4.5 %. (Michalopoulos, Lee, Duggan, Lundquist, Tso, Crowne, Burrell, Somers, Filene, & Knox, 2015).

How socio-economic disadvantaged moms, results in their inability to good communication and less support systems in their environment, therefore reducing access to prenatal health care. Low education levels creates a barrier to accessibility of prenatal information and education, therefore, hampering mother's knowledge for good prenatal care.

Each year in the United States over 45% of pregnancies are unintended, many of these occur in young adults (Manlove, Welti, Wildsmith, & Barry, 2014; Curtis et al., 2016). In addition to the already high percentage of unintended pregnancies, women who have had one unintended pregnancy are at an even greater risk for another pregnancy making contraceptives highly important for these women (Yu & Hu, 2013). Contraceptives for women are important in order to

This research consisted of key informants and general informants. These general informants were leaders in the community, granny midwives and African American and European American health care professionals. These general informants came from the clinics and hospitals where key informants were from. The key informants from each region were women who were either pregnant or had a baby within in a year preceding the study. (Marjorie Morgan, 1996)

The goal is to decrease infant mortality in San Luis, AZ, as it remains to be at an increased level. This goal could be made attainable by integrating a primary level of prevention educational program that targets women in the reproductive age to educate them on the recommendations and purpose of obtaining early prenatal care and the possible complications that lack of prenatal care can lead to, therefore decreasing the rate of infant mortality within San Luis, AZ.

Additionally, Latinas are more likely to have unexpected pregnancies, decreased contraception use, and greater poverty rates in comparison to white women (Fuentes & Bayetti Flores, 2010; Jackson, 2013). This is correlated to Latina’s lower rates of access to health insurance and poor socioeconomic status. A combination of cultural attitudes, financial burdens, language barriers and immigration status create a multitude of health problems for young Latinas. Latinas low use of contraception is impacted by many societal factors. Firstly, they are underserved by the healthcare community.

V. Marks, personal communication, March 31, 2017). Structural factors, including economic disadvantage, neighborhood characteristics, lack of access to family planning, and mistrust in the medical system underlie these findings (Dehlendorf, C., Harris, L. H., & Weitz, T. A., 2013). While some low income African American adolescent women do have access to insurance companies such as Medicaid to receive contraceptives, other women are still uninsured due to eligibility to receive such benefits. Due to lack of education involving contraceptives, safety concerns for many Black women are shaped by conspiracy beliefs about contraception arising from the history of the use of contraception to control the fertility of vulnerable populations (Dehlendorf, C., Rodriguez, M. I., Levy, K., Borrero, S., & Steinauer, J. , 2010). There are various concerns about contraceptives. The difficulty in using contraception effectively may be partly a result of less knowledge about birth control and reproduction in low income African American adolescent women. In other words, information provided to the patient about contraception also play a role in disparities. Further, the medical model for providing contraceptive information may not be equally acceptable to all populations or presented in a way for patients to understand. Recent studies have found that many minority women trust and rely more often on

Pregnancy Prevention Introduction: Pregnancy is not always a planned or wanted event in peoples lives, and so we have man made ways to prevent pregnancy from happening. Everyone has the freedom of choice, both male and female, so therefore there are both male and female methods of contraception. There is an expansive range of contraception methods world wide, and they can be as extreme as being operated on, such as having a tubal ligation or a vasectomy. The more minor options are using condoms or taking a type of contraceptive pill.

Statistically, African American have 2.5 times the likelihood of women of other races to start prenatal care in the third trimesters, or in some cases, not at all (Heisler, 18). Prenatal care includes education and counseling about how to handle various aspects of pregnancy in terms of nutrition, the importance of adequate physical activity, and basic infant care skills. This education encourages appropriate weight gain and discourages alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy. It can be inferred from this information that prenatal care will reduce the occurrence of low birthweights and short gestational age births (premature births) (Heisler, 18).This education can also decrease deaths due to accidents or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). No prenatal care for the mother will result in a high probability that the infant will die in the first month after birth. However, it is a sad reality that many African American women do not have access to or knowledge of prenatal care; this unawareness will result in an equally disparaging consequence - high

The battle for women’s reproductive rights is similar to the struggle for African Americans to have “the full liberty of speech in public and private” as Dredd Scott found out in 1865 when he petitioned for his personal freedom from slavery and lost. Moreover women’s reproductive rights are akin to defending the rights of racial equality, civil rights, desegregation, same sex marriage, and universal human rights. Every individual should have the right to choose how to live his or her private life in today’s society without governmental interference or control.

The most obvious risk associated with prenatal risk assessment is that the measures used might not actually make a definitive diagnosis. For instance, blood tests and ultrasounds are routine tests, which physicians may take lightly. The results of such screening tests are also not definitive and may not discover specific health risks in fetuses. Also, there is the risk of misinterpretation, especially if an incompetent and poorly trained person reads the ultrasounds.

How the provision of information in the antenatal period can positively affect health and life style choices in the pregnant woman and her family.

In many parts of the world as well in the United States, many women continue to feel pressured in having children due to societal, cultural, and religious beliefs, but are experiencing cultural barriers in seeking out reproductive health care services in addition to lacking access to health care services. The lack of access to health care and cultural barriers has resulted in women experiencing reproductive health problems and health disparities in the United States. In many cultures, the role of a woman is childbearing and motherhood and some women may feel inadequate and worthless if they have not produced a child. Others simply may not have access or have religious barriers in obtaining contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. These issues and beliefs are evident among the Latino, African, and Middle Eastern cultures and religions, and it is having a negative health impact on the women and is producing poor health care outcomes.

Prenatal care is widely accepted as an important element in improving pregnancy outcome. (Gorrie, McKinney, Murray, 1998). Prenatal care is defined as care of a pregnant woman during the time in the maternity cycle that begins with conception and ends with the onset of labor. A medical, surgical, gynecologic, obstretic, social and family history is taken (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 1998). It is important for a pregnant woman as well as our society to know that everything that you do has an effect on your baby. Because so many women opt not to receive the benefits of prenatal care, our society sees the ramification, which include a variety of complications primarily