Wood Thrush Populations

Gompper, M. E., Kays, R.W., Ray, J.C., Lapoint, S.D., Bogan, D.A., & Cryan, J.R. (2006). A comparison of noninvasive techniques to survey carnivore communities in northeastern North America. WildlifeSociety Bulletin, 34(4), 1142-1151.

b) Species A is the predator and species B is the prey. When species B’s population increases, it allows for the increase in population for the predator species.

Native bird species will be forced to fly further north during migrating season, causing problems with repopulating.3

Since organisms living in communities form interdependent relationships, a change in the abundance of one species will not only affect the physical and more direct interactions, but could indirectly affect the number of other species within the community as a consequence (Wootton 1993). These indirect affects rise because the interactions between pairs of species are not independent of other species, such as increasing the density of vegetation may increase the survival rate of the prey, reducing the intensity of the interaction between the predator and prey (Wootton 1993, 1994). An

The amount of coyotes seem to control the rabbit population in the desert, with a greater amount of coyotes, the rabbit population will be less versus if there were only a single coyote.

A major threat to the swift parrot population is the loss of habitat through habitat clearing. This habitat loss is caused specifically by the loss and alteration of foraging and nesting habitat through forestry activities, including firewood harvesting, and residential, industrial and agricultural development.The clearing of foraging and nesting habitat has been extensive for the past few years, which has overall reduced the available habitat for nesting and foraging for the Swift Parrot.

I am studying the Northern Goshawk, a raptor that most often dwells in thick forest in upper North America and throughout the Rocky Mountains. The focus of my investigation is the impact of forest cover on local Northern Goshawk populations, most specifically in areas that have changed relatively slowly in the past few years. This is in the interest of wanting an area that would allow me to determine just how drastically forest changes impact the Northern Goshawk population in the area. Regardless, my principle hypothesis is that if forest abundance declines, then the population of Northern Goshawks in that area will also decline.

The sparrow had a total of one species with a relative abundance of 0.0526. The earthworm had a total of six species with a relative abundance of 0.3158. The red-headed woodpecker had a total of one species with a relative abundance of 0.0526. The bigger brown spider had a total of one species with a relative abundance of 0.0526 (see Figure 1). The total number of species in the wooded area was nineteen with the species evenness of 0.7823. It also had a Shannon diversity index of 1.6266 and species richness of eight (see Table 1). The twelve different species at the water’s edge site are turtle, buzzard, deer, frog, beaver, tiny brown spider, small black bird, small yellow and brown stripes spider, dark with brown stripes spider, water spider, tibellus spider, and dog. The turtle had a total of five species with a relative abundance of 0.1515. The buzzard had a total of three species with a relative abundance of 0.0909. The deer had a total of one species with a relative abundance of 0.0303. The frog had a total of one species with a relative abundance of 0.0303. The beaver had a total of two species with a relative abundance of 0.0606. The tiny brown spider had a total of one species with a relative

The team only consisted two full time college students. Obtaining information on finding woodchucks was to follow rumors. The Cobleskill creek looked suitable for wildlife mammals to settle in. The area consist of open water, open field, dense vegetation uphill from the bank, and trees. On October 6, the search for dens began from point A to point B to point C (figure 1). The weather was 50ºF and sunny. One or two woodchucks were spotted near point B on the open field eating grass. Both ran off into a nearby hole in point B (figure 1). Presences of tracks are signs of an animal being near. The holes had characteristics of a woodchuck digging in the area. The entries of the holes had cropped vegetation (Twichell 1939). They are also identified by scent marking. Scent marking is when an animal rubs their body on any surface and leave a musky odor. They exhibit chewing behaviors on tree bark or plants and sniffing surface areas (Maher 2004). 20 dens were located but only 11 were selected for the experiment. Nine holes had the characteristics of being active due to the entrance being clean and no piles of leaves. Based on the study of Lehrer, Schooley, & Whittington (2012) on woodchucks survival rates distributed across the urbanization gradient, 23 woodchucks died during the active season of spring and 3 died in the inactive season of autumn. Due to the season, autumn is the season for woodchucks to become more inactive. Because we could not tell when woodchucks are physiologically hibernating, the den entries were concealed more with leaves due to less activities going out. The study collected 9 active holes and 5 inactive holes. There is not enough research on how far the woodchuck dens can go from insufficient grant money. However, majority of burrows are excavated in slopes from an angle of 70º to 90º. These angles allow water drainage, exposure to

My hypothesis was supported due to the data. For example, I found that there seems to be a wide variety of small animals in the Northwest, while in the Southeast there seems to be more of one major type of specie that the owls thrive off of, which was the vole at 26. Some of the species that were present in the Northwest than the Southeast were pocket gopher, and mole. The habitat of barn owls living in the Northwest is more stable than of barn owls living in the Southeast due to the wide variety of prey within the barn owls’ ecosystem, according to the data there were 3 pocket gophers and 3 moles in the Northwest pellets, compared to the Southeasts zero pocket gophers and moles. Similarly, the Northwest pellets contained 2 more shrews, compared

Parasitic wasps and flies lay their eggs either in the egg masses or in the larvae of tussock moths (Wickman et al. 1981). Spiders, predaceous insects, and birds also prey upon all life stages of the Douglas-fir tussock moth (Brooks et al. 1978). These parasites and predators are only effective when populations of Douglas-fir tussock moths are low, due to the concept of predator satiation. This concept basically says that predators receive enough food when populations of the prey are high, but hunt their prey more intensively when prey populations are low (Harrison and Wilcox 1995). Harrison and Wilcox (1995) showed this with tussock moths in that outbreaks could be prevented by introducing predators of tussock moths when moth population numbers were

Rodewald and Shustack studied the Acadian Flycatcher on the population and individual level and their response to urbanization in landscapes surrounding riparian forests in Ohio. They noted that the survival rates of adults and young were not impacted by the amount of urban development. However, the reproductive productivity was negatively impacted by urbanization near the riparian forest. This may be due to higher rates of brood parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird and Acadian Flycatchers had fewer nesting attempts. Furthermore, forests in urban landscapes had a higher level of turnover in site occupancy, the birds bred later in the season, which negatively impacts the success of young. They also had lower return rates to nest sites following nest predation.

The probability of nest survival didn’t change treatments, but density was usually higher in logged sites than reference sites. In recently logged sites, brown-headed cowbird parasitism was higher and reference sites produced more Hooded Warbler young per successful nest than standard selection harvest sites. Fledgling survival wasn’t negatively impacted by logging treatment. Overall, more than 50% of fledglings survived up to three weeks after sites had the highest Hooded Warbler density, they also had the lowest seasonal productivity, which raises the possibility of an ecological trap. The number of daughters produced top female per year that are expected to survive to their breeding age was lower in all treatments than the expected annual mortality of adult females. Regardless of the extent of partial harvest within the fragments, forest cut downs appear to be population sinks. (Eng, Stutchbury, Burke, Elliot,

In addition to the conservation benefits of recognizing that metapopulations have spatial structure, a number of important conservation risks arise when conservationists do not account for the various potential spatial structures of metapopulations. One of the risks of assuming homogenous spatial structure is that the models will produce falsely high numbers, as the actual population violates the assumptions of the model. Wootton and Bell (1992) highlight the importance of addressing spatial structures in their model of Peregrine Falcon populations, as the census data alone would predict a falsely healthy population. Additionally, management plans in populations might be terminated prematurely if conservationists do not understand and account for the dynamics of source and sink metapopulations, which may have fluctuating levels of colonization and extinction rates that are normal for the dynamics of the population (Wootton and Bell 1992). Kauffman et al. (2004) echo this finding, as they emphasize the importance of understanding habitat-specific demographic data instead of an overall population count alone, which might carry the assumption of homogenous spatial structure and lead to a misdiagnosis of a population.

The Structure, style and poetic techniques of a poem contribute greatly to the development of the central idea of a poem. Three poems with central ideas that stood out to me were ‘The Darkling Thrush’ by Thomas Hardy, ‘Days’ by Philip Larkin, and ‘Remembrance’ by Emily Brontë. The central idea of each of these poems revolve around the idea of time and change. Firstly, I will discuss how in ‘The Darkling Thrush’ the simple and traditional structure, the bleak yet straightforward style and techniques such as vivid imagery and capitalisation combine to develop the central idea of change. The same can be said for the simple structure and style used in ‘Days’ which combine with poetic techniques such as metaphors to develop Larkin’s argument against time and change. Finally I will discuss how the idea of time is developed through techniques such as vivid imagery and symbolism in ‘Remembrance’ along with changing styles and a slow, consistent rhythm.