Woodland Periods in North America

In 13,000 bc the first communities in the Americas were established and the first group of people that established tribes were the Paleo-Indians. At this point in time the Ice Age was coming to an end, but there were still huge animals that existed and were hunted by the Paleo-Indians. The tools that they used to hunt big animals like the woolly mammoth were long spears with a sharp end on it made out stone or

1. In the Neolithic era, about 8000 B.C., a new civilization and culture developed. The reason for this development was the change to hunting and gathering to cultivation of agriculture that permitted man to settle down permanently ending nomadic existence.

|1500 CE |Early Woodland Period. Use of pottery and building of earth tombs emerges especially in the Mississippi |

The New England Colonies had lots of trees and forests which worked out to their advantage because their soil was rocky and thin. There were indentured servants and skilled workers that helped with the trade process by being able to produce wood items from the forests and fish from the rivers. The geography of the New England Colonies was not very good. The thin rocky soil reduced their chances of growing crop to very little. They instead relied on the forest so they could trade wood and wooden items. “Massachusetts was covered in forests. This meant the colonists had plenty of lumber.” The Pilgrims were the first people to come to Massachusetts. They had no idea of how to survive. Then the Puritans came and settled in a town they called Salem. The Puritans were strict about their religion. There were skilled workers who could weave or build ships, some that knew how to farm, and

     The Paleolithic Period is the earliest time period man has been alive, and the longest of the Stone Age's. It dates from 2,000,000 B.C to 10,000 BC The people of the Paleolithic Period lived simple lives, which consisted primarily of survival. Man's life was simply to hunt, eat, and survive, while the woman’s job was to gather and watch over the children.

1)Paleo-Indians, the first Americans lived in bands of fifteen to fifty people, and traveled within their territory to hunt. Archaic Indians experienced a warming climate. One of the results of the warming climate was better hunting. Forest grew larger with a greater variety of plants and animals. The changes allowed some Indians to reside in permanent homes. The ample supply of food allowed more peoples to live on less acreage. The weather also allowed for specialization of caring for plants; this was the beginning of controlling crops to better supply the people.

"steward" is used to mean that no one can truly "own" the land, it can only be

The paleolithic civilizations the early period of human history from 2,500,00 through 10,000 B.C. Neolithic civilizations begun to

However, with the remains of their pieces of tools and other goods across the lands in different villages it can be speculated that some groups of Native Americans had social relations with others, or had mobile groups spread across the lands. For example, the clovis was an instrument used for hunting by the Paleo-Indian groups. The Clovis and Folsom peoples, and has been found in animal and village remains across the land. Judging that their groups traveled a lot this means that they built social connections with other groups. Leaving behind many small villages of fewer people for archaeologists to excavate. Additionally, social constrictions are seen in the people who follow after the Paleo-Indian peoples who focused more on hunting and gathering, but relied heavily more on natural foods such as fruits and nuts. As a result of this gathering technique for food supply, more villages were formed beginning with the archaic peoples. I believe this had led to the evolution of larger populations in native villages as I had read throughout Plog’s book that the villages got bigger with the increased use farming agricultural goods such as maize and beans. Rather than small campsites, villages rose as a result such as the Shabik’eschee peoples in Chaco Canyon. The development of village life led to new cultural customs such as cremation of the dead and preserved

The Eastern Woodland Indians was an Indian tribe that was located around the stretch from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean. Usually the Woodland Indians had settled west from the Atlantic. The Eastern Woodland tribe also settled from Canada in the North all the way to The Gulf of Mexico in the South. The Indians of The Eastern Woodlands tribe had spoke several different languages and dialects. According to www.indians.org, “Additionally, there were many groups such as the Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca tribes”. Many different parts of the Eastern Woodlands economy encouraged them to become a civilization such as the habitat of the Eastern Woodlands, the shelter, the food, and the culture of the Eastern Woodlands Indians.

There are major events that mark the beginning and end of this period. The period began at around 9000 B.C.E. when the popularity of agriculture grew. The domestication of animals like sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs began to appear within civilizations. The end of this period came at around 1000 B.C.E. when civilizations began focusing on strengthening their culture and politics. This took place once the civilizations did not have to devote all of their focus to staying alive.

At first warfare and invasions began to stop occurring because the feudal system started to break down. Traders started to feel safe to travel long distances. That is when trade began to grow, and a strong merchant class was made. The cities started to grow. Cities were the main place to have trade happen. Traders began to travel on the Silk Roads. The Silk Roads are an ancient

The tendency of communities to specialize in some phase of economic activity made it necessary that they maintain commercial contact with other communities and countries in order to secure the things that they did not produce (Hope 16). Some villages, for example, specialized in fishing, others concentrated on metallurgy, while others made weapons, utensils, and so on. Traders traveled from place to place to barter and to purchase. Upon returning they were laden with goods that they sold within their own community (Hope 17).

Woodland Indians inhabited the large geographical area in eastern North America. The varying climates and four seasons affected how each individual group of Indians lived and ate. The Appalachian mountains and Great Lakes prohibited movement of people to some extent. Some people were able to harness the shoreline water as a means of transportation. Gardening and harvesting of crops became a way of life for these people but was sometimes complicated by the harsh winter conditions in northern Wisconsin. Utilization of natural resources controlled the economy. These Indians were very knowledgeable about the trees and plant life in their area. They used the abundant wildlife as part of their

In the chapter First the Forests in the book Forests: The Shadow of Civilization by Robert Harrison, used Greek mythology and modern day philosophers to connect how forests interact through civilization. The popular themes in this chapter plays along Vicos theory of the intuitional order with the quotation “This was the order of human institutions: first the forests, after that the huts, then the villages, next the cities, and finally the academies” (Pg.11). In the epic of Gilgamesh the first antagonist was the forest. This emphasized how the forest was wild and dangerous. The Greek god Artemis would roam in the forest hiding in the shadows of the trees. The forest is a place of wild and of disorder. Actaeon went to the forest and saw Artemis