WORD ORDER IN NP AND ENGLISH ANAPHORS
Tereza Štifnerová The purpose of this essay is firstly to show the word order of a noun phrase (NP) and how the head noun of the NP can be post- and pre-modified, and secondly to focus on meaning of some examples of English anaphors and the distinctions between them and their Czech translations. The first part is going to aim on the internal structure of NPs. Complex nominal phrase consists of the pre-modifying elements, the head noun and the post-modifying elements. The so-called pre-modifiers can be divided into two groups: determiners and prenominals. We have to say that „determiners are obligatory and unique“ (Veselovská:86), and they have a specific place in the noun phrase – they are at the
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(11) a. an office of the teacher with the white door b. * an office with the white door of the teacher
In the second part I am going to translate some examples of English anaphors into Czech and then discuss the meanings of them and I will also try to show the distinctions between English and Czech forms. Here are the examples in English: (a1) Theyi killed themk. (b1) Theyi killed themselvesi. (c1) Theyi killed each otheri. And the translation into Czech: (a2) Oni je zabili. (b2) Oni se zabili. (c2) Oni se zabili (navzájem). The example (a1) has the index i with the pronoun they and the index k with the accusative case of the pronoun they, which means that the pronoun they have a meaning of „people“, which are NOT the people included in the meaning of them, i.e. them has the so-called disjoined refference. The following examples (12), (13) and (14) show that in English the nominative and accusative cases of the pronoun they are used to mark different (groups of) people. (12) (13) (14) The thievesi killed themk. The thievesi killed the thievesk. *The thievesi killed the thievesi. → the thieves ≠ them → they are not the same thieves so they cannot have the same index
The example (b1) has the index i in both cases – it means that they and themselves includes the same people. Because themselves is a reflexive pronoun, we know that the group of people indicated in they is the same group of people as in themselves. In the example
I have seen many changes growing up in Prince Georges County (PG), a minority-dominated county in Maryland. The government has spent a massive amount of money to revitalize the county. This includes the $250.5 million transformation of Jack Kent Cooke Stadium (now FedEx Field) and the massive $2 billion National Harbor project in Oxon Hill, MD[i]. There are rumors the county plans to rename the crime-infested city of Landover, where I currently live, to Hyattsville, a neighboring city, predicting that this will ease the bad repetition of this area. However, these renovations and changes are only temporary solutions since they are only masking the problems that put my home county deeper in
At Katherine Elementary School Dr. Vandaveer has her own portable where she can test students. Her desk is in one corner and there was a kidney-shaped table with a few chairs close by. Other than a couple filing cabinets the room was fairly sparse and the walls were bare
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Native Americans and their traditions were relegated throughout American society. Sherman Alexie’s highlights the struggles of educating himself on a Native American reservation, where most of his peers and condescending attitude toward learning and seemed destined for failure. To connect with readers that have struggled throughout school and to bring awareness of Indian culture to Americans, Alexie connects himself to Superman, uses striking comparisons, and incorporates simple anaphora throughout Superman and Me.
In the world of tragedy and comedy plays, the lives of the characters are vibrant in their nature. Forbidden love, plotting wives and infectious tempers are portrayed within the plays as a result of love and marriage. The theme of marriage features heavily in these plays and Shakespeare portrays the nature of marriage in the plays Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet as well as The Taming of the Shrew in multi-faceted ways. This essay will explore how the nature of marriage and love is represented in the two tragedies, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet. It will also draw comparison with the nature of marriage in the play, The Taming of the Shrew.
b. The vestry- The vestry is being used as the courtroom it has two windows, large beams jutting
“A noun is naming word, a pronoun is used instead of a noun, adjective describe a noun, a verb describe the action of
The analysis of Beatrice’s disappointment expression is hoped can be useful for the readers who will analyze about lexical relations in Paul Zindel’s “The Effect of Gamma Rays on –Man-in-Moon Marigolds”. Besides, This study hopefully can enrich the knowledge of the writer of the thesis herself. This research might be used to be a reference for the next researchers to analyze lexical .
In order to psychologically analysis, The Tell-Tale Heart, readers must first connect the symptoms of the narrator to a disease. The narrator seems to have been going through a psychotic episode, which would be connected to him having brief Psychotic Disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. states that “ in order to be classified as someone who has Brief Psychotic Episodes they must have one, or more, of the following symptoms, delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech, mood swings, etc. The must also have these symptoms present for at least one whole day but not more than a month.” They go on to say that a stressor may be involved in but is not necessary to cause a psychotic episode. During the short
The slight distinction of diction in each translation correlates with the tone and imagery expressed by ‘Baranczak and Cavanaugh’ and ‘Trzeciak’. The contrast within the two is evident in how each translation structures certain words to emphasize their meaning. In ‘Baranczak and Cavanaugh’s’ translation, they structure a phrase to explain an idea by describing its concept and emphasizing its purpose. In ‘Trzeciak’s’ translation, each theme is recognized by a pithy remark that creates a concise tone. /“Someone has to shove the rubble to the roadsides so the carts loaded with corpses can get by.”/ (trans. Baranczak and Cavanaugh 5-8). The actions in this quotation are emphasized by the description of them. “The carts loaded with corpses” provides an aspect of imagery through a small description and purpose of the carts. Baranczak and Cavanaugh do not make this phrase concise, this creates emphasis to this action. The diction in this phrase differs from Trzeciak’s translation. /“Someone has to push the rubble to the sides of the road, so the corpse-laden wagons can pass.”/ (trans. Trzeciak 5-8).’Shove’ and ‘push’ are some differences that lie in this quotation, between the two
There are twenty-seven children , one headteacher and one teacher aid. The four walls of the classroom are decorated with letters, numbers, words of months, days and seasons in different colors. It isn’t divided the space of the classroom into centers. In the back of the classroom, there is a big closet which fill with students’ school bags and teaching supplies. A carpet is lying in front of the big closet. Children do activities on the carpet. On the right side of the closet, there are two shelves filled with toys and a children-size kitchen. On the left side of the closet, there is a children-size bookshelf. Four children-size tables and chairs in red, yellow, blue and green take much space in the classroom, and a teacher’s desk is in front of the tables.
The grammatical constructions in the story are well documented in terms of the content words or functional words which include; the nouns and the verbs. The lexical density of the words in the clause and sentence can also bear more witness to this. Some of the sentences or clauses have not less than twelve content words which imply that there also twelve content words in the sentences. This is in consistent with Halliday (1985b), that a single clause should be able to contain a lexical density of twelve words. The grammatical usage seems very easy and simple for the students to understand when reading the story. This is bound to improve the student’s grammatical knowledge and usage; students improve their grammatical knowledge in this respect, hence, the need for choosing this story.
The morphosyntactic glosses provided will follow the Leipzig glossing convention throughout. Given the nature of this research, original data has not been collected, as opposed to the previous study of the NP-structure, and all of the examples have been taken from secondary sources namely: Zwart (1997), Lippss (2011), and Ngonyani (2001).
In the third part, three pedagogical implications will be presented. In addition, a grammar activity and its theoretical rationale will be respectively reported in the fourth and fifth part before the final conclusion is displayed.
In this essay, I will be discussing my experiences with modals in English and Russian. The purpose of my project is to investigate the differences in the usage and meanings of modals between the two languages. My focus will be on the modal, “must,” and what contexts it is mainly used for.
Specialists in descriptive grammar (linguists) examine the principles and patterns that underlie the use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In contrast, prescriptive