Working Memory Analysis

Multitasking can be characterized as the endeavor to perform at least two errands at the same time; in any case, inquire about demonstrates that when multitasking, individuals commit more errors or play out their undertakings all the more gradually. Consideration must be separated among the greater part of the segment assignments to perform them. In partitioned attention,individuals go to or offer regard for various wellsprings of data on the double in the meantime or perform more than one errand.

Memory retrieval skills gradually deteriorate over a person’s lifespan. It becomes harder to remember events and recall what was learned. Forgetting something doesn’t mean the memory is gone, it’s just a retrieval failure. Inside Out displays what happens to long term memories when they are forgotten. We see that the glassy memory orbs darken and desaturate in color, and ‘mind workers’ regularly clean out the old memories. This is quite similar to pruning, as it shows how not all memories retain the same duration. There are ways, however, to improve retrieval. Professors McDermott and Roediger suggest, “Relating new information to what one already knows, forming mental images, and creating associations among information that needs to be remembered. (McDermott & Roediger,

Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported by

The main point of the article is to view the connection between Working Memory Capacity (WMC) and concussions. It starts off by introducing the concept of WMC, and it proceeds to explain its importance in athletics. The article then branches out to take statistics on concussion data based on AOSPAN scores, gender, and sport. The article finishes by comparing said data and providing the conclusion that WMC does not differ between athletes regardless of the contact level of their sport or their previous concussion history.

In this experiment we tried to replicate the Monsell 2003 Task Switching experiment. 18 Participants took a brief task-switching test via program Revolution Maker©. Each trial was randomly assigned. The participants were presented with numbers one through nine and on each trial had to react to the number, to identify either its odd or even or if the magnitude was either less than 5 or more than 5. We hypothesis that when individuals are engaged in a cognitive task there is a time cost that occurs when asked to switch between tasks as opposed to repeating tasks.

The clumping together of knowledge, growing low attention span, and separation of focus has not only made it harder to avoid distraction, but it also has resulted in less efficient work and performance. It was discovered in a study that when the participants were told to switch between solving math problems and classifying geometric objects, it took longer for them to solve each problem. As the tasks got progressively more complex and difficult, it took a significantly longer time for the participants to complete the assignment, especially those who were unfamiliar with the subject (Rubinstein). This revelation is particularly

Additionally, to further support these theories, researchers tend to conduct studies on the famous patient case, HM, to propose the consolidation deficit theory, in which those with amnesia cannot turn short-term memories into long-term memories (Dewar et al., 2010). However, researchers Dewar, Della Sala, Beschin, and Cowan (2010), mentioned that HM’s case does not fully explain why a patient with anterograde amnesia has the ability to get better at cognitive tasks despite being unable to recall having performed those tasks at a previous time. On the same hand, Duff, Wszalek, Tranel, and Cohen (2008) mentioned that most individuals with anterograde amnesia experience heightened intelligence, attention, skill, and reasoning levels (procedural memory).

Research has long proven demonstrated the human brains’ limitations in recall. As one attempts to remember more than six to seven tasks, there are diminishing returns in efficiency. In addition, persistent exposure to stressful stimuli (as is very common in

The cognitive-motor task paradigm is based on theories related to attentional resources. Attentional resources are defined as information processing resources that are required to complete a task 19. The limited capacity theory states that one central attentional resource exists 43. When two tasks are performed simultaneously, the central system must divide the total capacity between the tasks at hand. The performance of the secondary task can provide an indication of the total processing capacity and the attentional demands for the primary task. If the primary task does not require a large portion of the total processing capacity, performance of the secondary task will not be altered. If however, the primary task is more demanding for processing capacity, the performance of the secondary task will decrease as the total capacity is reached 43. In this theory, the two tasks compete for the same pool of limited resources. However, multiple resources theory states that there are several attentional resources, each with limited capacity, and the amount of specific resources required for performing certain tasks depends on the tasks characteristics. Under the assumption of multiple resource pools, the execution of two concurrent tasks only suffers if some of the resources required to perform one of the tasks are also necessary to perform the other task. Thus, when two tasks are performed simultaneously, the competition for available

Task switching is the cognitive ability to switch between one task to the next. Research shows that when a person switches from one task to another, there will be a higher incidence of errors coupled with slower reaction time (switch cost) as opposed to trials where a person is doing the same task over and over (repeat trial). The switch cost is attributed to task-set reconfiguration because of the time it takes to reconfigure task-sets. In this task switch experiment we measured reaction times and error rates on both repeat trials and switch trials (task switches). Twenty-one participants from

The cognitive-motor task paradigm is based on theories related to attentional resources. Attentional resources are defined as information processing resources that are required to complete a task 19. The limited capacity theory states that one central attentional resource exists 42. When two tasks are performed simultaneously, the central system must divide the total capacity between the tasks at hand. The performance of the secondary task can provide an indication of the total processing capacity and the attentional demands for the primary task. If the primary task does not require a large portion of the total processing capacity, performance of the secondary task will not be altered. If however, the primary task is more demanding for processing capacity, the performance of the secondary task will decrease as the total capacity is reached 42. In this theory, the two tasks compete for the same pool of limited resources. However, multiple resources theory states that there are several attentional resources, each with limited capacity, and the amount of specific resources required for performing certain tasks depends on the tasks characteristics. Under the assumption of multiple resource pools, the execution of two concurrent tasks only suffers if some of the resources required to perform one of the tasks are also necessary to perform the other task. Thus, when two tasks are performed simultaneously, the competition for available

The purpose of this article is to find out if there is any correlation or causation effect between playing competitive sports and the development of Working Memory (WM). In order to achieve the purpose of this research, researchers studied various types of students and categorized them according to the sports they play, or not play. Researchers measure the Working Memory Capacity (WMC) of subjects using a software called Automated Operation Span (AOSPAN), which has been proven to be a good measure of WMC.

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

Thesis: All of this is quite fascinating but according to neurologist Adam Gazzaley of the University of California, San Francisco multitasking is harder with age. Meaning memory has a part in multitasking as to being able to switch off certain networks of the brain responsible for processing information.

Cognitive load theory intersects with human cognitive architecture by addressing working memory as limited to three to seven elements of information when the learning of new information is a requirement (Blissett, Cavalcanti, & Sibbald, 2012). Yet, where there is familiarity of information, both capacity and duration limits of working memory are eliminated (Paas & Ayres, 2014). Cognitive load theory introduces the prominence of cognitive schemas as a strategic approach toward the organizing and storage of knowledge using the concept of chunking multiple elements of information within a single element with a specific purpose (Paas & Ayres, 2014). Cognitive schemas explains a learner’s transition from novice to skilled due to the creation