Working Memory

Working memory is a part of our executive functions, the functions that are involved with the planning and regulation of one’s behavior. Despite that during the first year of life working memory is developed, working memory can trained and enhanced throughout you life with experience. Julia Morales Castillo, from the Department of Experimental Psychology of the University of

Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported by

This research proposal will be discussing the effects that neglect and abuse have on working memory. It has been reported that nearly 700,000 children were victims of neglect and abuse as of 2015. More than 3 million children have investigations opened, against the caregivers from child protective services (“National Statistics on Child Abuse, n.d”). Neglect and abuse, also referred to as maltreatment refers to the poor treatment of conduct and entails a substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm to a child by a parent, caregiver or other adults. There are 5 different subtypes of abuse consisting of physical, emotional, neglect and witnessing family abuse. No one person is the

Another positive is the fact that it can be applied, or rather generalised to real life. For example in job interviews when we talk, or when people text and drive, and it can cause us to crash. Finally another strength of the working memory model is that is provides us an explanation for the brain damaged patients KF and SC. As it shows us logical evidence that there is other stores in memory, rather than the oversimplified view of the multi-store model. However, it does have its weakness, one such weakness is its only address short term memory, not long term memory, and therefore it is not a detailed model of memory, as it doesn 't address long term memory. Another weakness is the circular argument, as it makes it difficult to find fault with the working memory mode. The circular argument is that if two task cannot be done together, then it 's assumed that tis is because both of which are overloading on of the components in the working model. If two tasks can be done together, it 's assumed they are from different components of the working model, meaning the model can explain any results. Finally another weakness is the fact that the working memory model has been conducted in laboratories. Therefore it means that it may not be able to generalise these result into everyday

A brief look at the history of the working memory can show a graduate movement toward separate components of the memory. It can acknowledge that one of the first models to separate the different components of working memory was the model modal presented by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They proposed that the short-term memory is a single unity in which different stimuli modality is stored in one unit. This assumption encountered some problems; one is that if the short-term memory were a single unit to all information modality, than an individual with short term memory defect would be impaired in all cognitive tasks, which is not the case in many short-term memory patients.

Working memory's current understanding largely stems from the model in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch, since then it has been recently advanced. The boss being the central executive, who controls and monitors all the information processing. The two other separate storage systems that support the central executive: phonological loop, who functions as the temporarily store for phonological information, and the visuospatial sketchpad where visual and spatial representations are temporarily stored and manipulated (Baddeley, 1996). The integrator of information from the subcomponents of working memory and long term memory is known as the episodic buffer, it is the recently proposed addition (Baddeley, 2000). Many people when they think of an individual

Their whole research is based on idea of multitasking, or in the other words, the handling of more than one task at the same time by a single person. Their sources state that engaged in multitasking, subject is not able to fully intake all the information that is being presented at the certain moment. Moreover, their research hypothesis is that subjects who activley use cell phone engaged in face to face conversation with a person who is not using their cell phone will be less likely to retain as much as information as someone who is not using cell phone. I really liked the way they organized everything and how they set up their experiment. Two groups, experimental and control were presented to the same set of questions about the states and president candidates. Expermiental group was asked to search up the results on the phone while being asked some of the questions. Control group was simply asked the questions without their usage of the phone. Really smart way of presenting how multitasking has an effect on the working memory! Their results support their hypothesis because control group was able to retain information better than experimental group.

Loosli, Rahm, Unterrainer, Weiller, and Kaller (2013) conducted a study investigating life span development of item-specific proactive interference in individual’s working memory. Postle, Brush, and Nick (2004) found that proactive interference is previous important information in working memory (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). Baddeley (1997) found that working memory is the power to maintain information for a short period of time and manipulate the information (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). There are two types of proactive interference; the first one being item-nonspecific proactive interference. This type is when someone remembers information while performing another task that is no longer relevant to the current task they are performing.

Every person’s working memory varies in many different ways. It still remains unclear whether individual variation is a result of

(Abernathy, 2010). Working memory includes several components, for example, short-term storage, rehearsal, and executive processes operating on the contents of storage (Smith, 2000).

(2010) and Melby-Lervag et al. (2012) both researched the effectiveness working memory training programs as treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other cognitive disorders in children which also helped improve cognitive abilities in developing children and healthy adults. The Buschkuehl article gave a more general overview of the studies’ procedures by providing a gist of the studies and whether or not they showed a significant improvement of intelligence through the use of working memory training programs . Both articles also took note of the issues with the lack of use of a consistent methodological criteria used to accurately measure the effectiveness cognitive performance training programs. The Melby-Lervag article was more specific in terms of providing more information on the theoretical issues on the capacity of training working memory, giving more examples on the variety of working memory programs available, provided more details in terms of its meta-analytic procedure, and discussed in more detail the effects of working memory training on verbal and visuospatial working memory and their long-term training

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

In previous research, it was found that there are significant deficits when comparing the composite working memory of both low socioeconomic status and high socioeconomic status children. These deficits impact the daily lives and futures of children from a low-income background. Working memory is a necessary cognitive ability needed in everyday life. It is needed to process information in short term memory and to maintain and manipulate information in the memory system actively. Even when the researchers controlled specific variables such as gender, ethnicity, and age, the deficit was still evident. The study conducted by Michele Tine at Dartmouth College was the first to compare the verbal working memory deficits and visuospatial working memory

attentional resources dedicated to working memory during allocation of attention, while latency of P3 reflects the speed of processing. The purpose of this study is to examine whether participation in physical activity would increase working memory performance for older adults. Participants included older adults that were divided into the high and low physical activity group. The higher physical activity group included participants that engaged in low or moderate physical activity, such as walking or jogging, at least 3 times a week in the last 6 months, while the low physical engaged in low levels of exercise (eg., stretching) less than two times per week in the last 6 months. ERP analysis exhibited a higher P3 amplitude and a decreased latency

The findings in my impression, we're quite astonishing, especially given the test fields. In this article they examined the trial that was devoted to three types of children high functioning children with autism, children with ADHD and a typical neuron children. All were given a chronological succession of numbers and letterings to remember and then repeat. To the surprise of the psychologist the children with ADHD as well as the children with a typical neurobehavioral all excelled and improved their verbal working memory. The children with high functioning autism unfortunately did not ameliorate. What is verbal working memory? Verbal working memory is a sub outlet or component of the bigger working memory. Verbal working memory, basically, is the amount of information your brain can endure at one time to help come up with a solution to any problem. Verbal working memory also has to deal with the processing of data and how you decide which information is most important for the task that you need to do right now. Even though the findings in the study were inconclusive the study did prove that children with ADHD do have the capacity to increase their verbal working memory and has the ability to stay on task for long periods of time with that increase verbal working memory. All of these are signs pointing in a good direction for children with