World Cities Research Paper

The nature of World cities is one of dominance and influence rather than just size. They are powerful centres of economic and cultural authority within their region and on the global stage. They are

A world city is a large city that has been outstripped its natural urban network and become part of an international global system. World cities have become the central connecting point for the multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that sustain the contemporary world economy, and its social and political systems. According to the 2004 GaWC studies world cities can be ranked based on their provision of ‘advanced producer services’ such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law. In 2008 the rankings according to the GaWC determined that London and New York were Alpha ++ cities whilst Sydney, Paris, Hong Kong and Singapore were Alpha

Urban Primacy is defined as a condition in which a country has a primate city three to four times larger than any other city in the country. Examples are Latin America, China and India. The primate cities are sometimes, but not always the capital.They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point. Their size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. India's most populous city is Mumbai with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million; and third is less than 13 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city

In this ted talk by Parag Khanna, How Megacities are changing the map of the world. The main theme of the talk is about how global networking civilizations in which the cities are now been compete more than the borders. This means that we are now moving into the a world where technologies has taken place in most of our cities, for example the way the infrastructural development and hyper-connected cities are rising to the top more than the state(page 12.10) due to the rapid growing of the people moving to the cities.

Urbanization is important, but its development is effected at the expense of deforestation, destruction of biotopes, fragmentation of ecosystems, consequently shrinking of the open space among many other things. A city should be a complex system that should entail several interactive sub-systems, it should be affected by various factors including governmental land policies, population growth, transportation infrastructure, market behavior to mention just a few.

World cities have their main headquarters for many transnational corporations, large national corporations and Inter governmental organisations. Tokyo is the base for 17 of the top 100 TNC’s and New York has 11, these factors determining the economic authority as over half of all global trade is between TNC’S. There are a number of NGO’s that have their headquarters in world cities; some of these including Greenpeace and Action Aid. Findings such as these put the wealth and power of TNC’S and NGO’s into perspective in relation to the overall prosperity of the country.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth century urban populations grew rapidly through migration from rural areas to find new jobs in the cities created by the industrial revolution, which led to 6,5 million inhabitants in London. In the twentieth century cities kept growing and in the 1950’s around thirty percent of world’s population was urban. The first mega city in the world emerged, as New York City broke the boundary of ten million inhabitants around 1930 (Wendell Cox Consultancy, 2005). In 1990 there were ten megacities that were home to 153 million people which is less than seven percent of the global urban population. In 2014 the amount of megacities has almost tripled to 28 with a population of 453 million people, which account for twelve percent of the global urban population. The total urban population in 2014 was 54 percent (UN, 2014). These numbers can be related to the second important event,

All cities in the word are unique. Some of the cities have similarity and the other are different. Also, some of the cities located in the same country but it totally different from each to other. It is different in people behave, accent, and whether. However, my hometown Riyadh is very different from Greensboro in United states. The three significant differences between them are size, weather, and activity.

With more than 385 million people living in south America, It has become the most urbanized area in our developing world. Urbanization is the shift from Rural to an urban society, which can be appealing to many who are looking for opportunities. A census was taken in the 2000s that showed that 80% or 3.8 million of the SOuth American population lived in the continents Big cities.There are some that deem this crazy, but, can we blame them? Cities offer a shorter distance to resources and good jobs, and in return can create higher prices and economies can flourish.

The flow of capital, information, goods and services, and people are among the more readily measured indicators of such links between large cities. Generally, there has been a net transfer of funds from the worlds developed economies to countries in the developed world. The decision makers directing these flows are typically located in world cities, such as London, while these on whom the decision impacts are often found in the old industrial centres of the developed world, where the cash is being redirected form. This also has a major effect on those in the developing world, which is the areas to which capital is being directed. This resulted in factory closures and high unemployment in the old manufacturing centres of the developed world and factory openings and job creation in the low-cost economies of the developing world. There have been many attempts to compute the linkages between global cites such as London, one such attempt focuses on the concept connectivity. This is essentially a measure of the flows of information, knowledge, and direction between the international office networks of global services, these being the most basic agents of the formation of the world city network. Based on these criteria London's strongest links are with North American cities such as New York, Washington DC and Chicago, as well as some Asian cities such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Tokyo. The global hierarchy of cities is essentially a functional hierarchy ranging from 12 cities down to national regional and local scales, with London generally considered at the centre of the hierarchy, being the largest contributor to the global

In every country, the land is divided into sections of towns and cities. These towns and cities are homes to people who have looked upon their preferences to decide where to locate their homes. Individuals take into account the advantages and disadvantages of both locations as well as the opportunities presented. Hence, there are several similarities and differences between big cities and small towns.

The places where people live affects greatly in their life style and living places is one of the very basic needs for people. people opine differently, while choosing the living places where they want to reside which can be a suburb or a city, some prefer and argue that a city is the best place to live since it provides so many things over a suburb, so this grant me an opportunity to take a close look at both advantages and disadvantages of living in cities that are find around the world.

Cities despite its obvious necessity, have not been put under the microscope of IR for long, it only have been surfacing in the world of international relations in 1991 due to the book by Saskia Sassen entitled The Global

In this book, Dobbs, Manyika, and Woetzel believe the world is almost constantly discontinued. Many long-held assumptions, long-term projections, and long-stand trends have been upended by disruptive technologies, trends, and developments. A completely different world is being formed by four main forces. The first force is the development of emerging markets and the growing urbanization within these markets (Cooper, 2015). The world economic power is moving to east and south. As an example, China is predicted to have most large companies located in rather than the United States or Europe by 2025. Equally important, economic activities are arising within these emerging markets. For instance, a Chinese city Tianjin, who had a same size GDP

Tier cities of India are classified on the basis of various factors these factors including cultural and historical development ,advanced Transportation system, economical development infrastructural development. Tier II