Write An Essay On Nystagmus

This pituitary tumor can also be referred to as a pituitary adenoma, and they are most often benign. This form of Cushing’s syndrome is more common in women and is the most common form of endogenous Cushing’s disease. The tumor of the pituitary gland secretes overly large amounts of ACTH, which then stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and secrete more cortisol than necessary. Another tumor-related cause of Cushing’s syndrome is when a tumor forms on an organ that does not usually produce ACTH. The tumor produces and secretes excess ACTH which then leads to the overproduction of cortisol. These tumors are called ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors, and they can be malignant or benign. Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors are commonly found in the pancreas, thyroid, thymus gland, and lungs.

The source can be endogenous, the first would be Cushings disease which is a cortcotropinoma (tumour in the anterior pituitary gland) which can be a microadenoma or a macroadenoma. The second is the adrenal adenoma and adrenal carcinoma, which are tumours in the adrenal cortex

Visual field defects, defects pertaining to everything a person sees from peripheral vision to central vision, and optic disc damage is the basis of diagnosis in glaucoma (Hoskins & Kass, 1989). If the eye pressure is not within the normal range or if the optic nerve looks unusual, doctors may perform a visual field test that maps out a person's field vision, or perform a test to check whether the angle where the iris meets the cornea is opened or closed. The optic nerve and visual field changes of glaucoma

Visual fields full to confrontation except dilated right pupil due to previous surgery. Normal facial symmetry, sensation and movement. Tongue and uvula were midline. Decreased auditory acuity. Normal shoulder shrug.

cause the macula to swell, this is called edema. Edema impairs the vision responsible for

For each patient, the automated visual field tests were obtained by Humphrey Field Analyzer and optic disc images by Topcon fundus camera. Horizontal and vertical cup-to-disc ratios were calculated by a manual, planimetric technique. Mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviations (PSD) were documented.

An 18-year-old woman presented with persistent bilateral lactation, excess body weight with leg swelling and unbalanced gait, and recurrent hypercalcemia. Patient experienced increasingly frequent headaches and visual field changes. Developed panhypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus (DI) after going through with transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary macroadenoma. Patient was treated with levothyroxine (T4) for secondary hypothyroidism. She received other hormone replacement therapy, including desmopressin acetate, conjugated estrogen, growth hormone, and bromocriptine. She developed recurrent kidney stones and diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. She was also found to have multiple thyroid nodules and underwent a 4-gland

Craniopharyngiomas usually emerge in the infundibulo-hypophyseal axis of the sella and suprasellar region occupies the suprasellar cisterns, however may extend in any direction. The horizontal extension of the tumor may be anteriorly into the pre-chiasmatic cistern and sub-frontal space, may extend laterally into the sub-temporal space, or may extend posteriorly into the prepontine and interpeduncular cisterns, cerebellopontine angle and then to the foramen magnum. 7 However, rarely extensive tumors may extend anteriorly in the pre-chiasmatic cistern and posteriorly into the 3rd ventricle and down along the clivus. Approximately 4 % of the cases have posterior fossa extension. 2,6

A pituitary tumor can cause loss of vision in one or both eyes depending on its size and shape. The pituitary gland sits in the pituitary sella, which is almost directly behind the eye. If the pituitary tumor gets large enough and grows laterally, it can push against the optic nerve and stop the message for getting to the cerebral cortex. An individual with a pituitary tumor will first notice notice dark, blurry, or dim vision. Sometimes it will only affect vision on one side, when it affects both sides of vision, it's pressing against the optic chiasm.

A 37 year old man presented with insidious onset painless progressive diminution of vision in his right eye of 05 months duration. There was no associated history of prior ocular disease, ocular trauma or any systemic illness. His decimal best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.05 OD and 1.0 OS. On retinoscopy simple hypermetropia of +1.25 DS OD and +1.50 DS OS was noted. Anterior segment examination

CRSC is a common retinopathy characterized by episodes of serous neurosensory retinal detahcment at the posterior pole. Althought CRSC is generally a self-limiting condition associated with a good visual prognosis, in one third to half of all cases recurrences occur after the first episode and in some cases subretinal fluid may persists over 6 months, resulting in chronic CRSC. Persistance of subretinal fluid causes pigment epithelial and photoreceptor damage, type 1 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopaty, leading to visual impairment and metamorphopsia.

Germline MEN1 mutations lead to an autosomal dominant disease termed as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN1). As the name suggests, a patient may present with multiple tumours, including pituitary adenomas. A study(10) conducted in seventy-four paediatric cases with isolated CD only two were found to have MEN1 mutations. Conversely, it is thought the prevalence of pituitary disease in MEN1 patients is only around 40% and out of the 40%, the overwhelming majority of tumours are prolactin-secreting(11). ACTH-secreting pituitary tumours in MEN1 patients are

Synaesthesia Correspondences Nature is a temple where living pillars Let escape sometimes confused words; Man traverses it through forests of symbols That observe him with familiar glances. Like long echoes that intermingle from afar In a dark and profound unity, Vast like the night and like the light,

Eyes: Visual acuity intact, conjunctiva is transparent, sclera non-icteric, have normal optic discs and vessels, no exudates or

Eye: patient’s states having “Annual eye examination for 5 years, Glasses for driving, inability to see far object (myopic). Patient was able to read with each eye and both eyes with eye glasses. There was no abnormities with cranial nerve 2, 3, 4 and 6. Pupil was equal round, reflective to light and accommodation.