Write An Essay On Pituitary Apoplexy

5. It is expected that after his transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, all of B.J.’s anterior pituitary hormones will be deficient (panhypopituitarism). What type of hormone replacement will be needed?

(Medscape) All ages can be affected but those between twenty and fifty are the most commonly affected. (Mayo Clinic) These rare tumors can either secrete hormones continuously or just sometimes. They primarily occur with “certain familial syndromes”. (Medscape) These autosomal dominant syndromes include two types of “multiple endocrine neoplasia, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Von Recklinghausen disease”. (Medscape) Norepinephrine is the predominant catecholamine released. (Medscape) The increased blood pressure and cardiac contractibility is directly caused by alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation, whereas the increased heart rate is caused by beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation (Medscape) The release of catecholamine’s is not caused be neural stimulation in these tumors and it has been stated that is it unknown what triggers the release. (Medscape) The tumors are encapsulated, vascularized and appear reddish brown. Figure 1 is an image of a pheochromocytoma tumor.

Tumors in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands can also cause acromegaly in few people. These tumors are from non-pituitary origin which sometimes secrete GH. In some cases, the tumors produce a hormone called growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) which stimulates the pituitary to make more

The deficiency of growth hormone (growth hormone deficiency, GHD) was limited in the past by clinically only the aspects connected with the multitude of body growth.

The disease can strike suddenly and be hard to diagnose while patients who are exposed to the drugs associated with high cortisol levels are usually screened for the syndrome when symptoms emerge. In one patient, Chondra Hungerford, it struck her when she was in the peak physical condition of her whole life. She was an amateur body builder and fitness enthusiast who could clean and jerk 200 pounds and bench press 185, but in a matter of months, she went from a 5 foot 6 inch, 120-pound muscle machine to 176 pounds and desperately ill (Dador, 2013). Fortunately for Chondra, doctors were able to identify the disease and remove a tumor at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is positioned. Within four months Chondra had

Patients also start to develop small red spots, or telangiectasia’s on the face, mouth, fingers, and in the gastrointestinal tract. A high number of HHT patients will also have or develop artery malformations (AVM’s) in one or ore body organs, where capillaries between arteries and veins are missing. Other common symptoms of HHT include: shortness of breath, exercise tolerance, fatigue, migraine headaches, seizures, abdominal pain, leg swelling, intestinal bleeding, anemia. Also very small proportion of patients have multiple benign polyps in the large intestine, which may bleed or transform into colorectal cancer. A similarly small proportion experiences pulmonary

Throughout the paper author Mark E. Molitch, a medical doctor, discusses the formation of pituitary tumors and the impact they have on the body. He describes how these adenomas form, what symptoms they cause, how they are diagnosed, and how they are treated. In the paper he addresses specific tumors such as Prolactinoma, which encompasses around half of all pituitary adenomas and causes an elevation in prolactin levels, as well as Acromegaly, a growth hormone secreting tumor, and Cushing disease which causes the overproduction of cortisol.

Hyperpituitarism is the over production of pituitary hormones caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland that can interfere with other pituitary hormone functions, resulting in target organ hormone deficiencies.1 Hyperpituitarism has two sub forms called Acromegaly and Gigantism.7

While growing up I remember being surrounded by people who were constantly trying to lose weight but continuously unsuccessful due to multiple factors involved in their lives. However possibly being a victim of thyroid disease was rarely the blame as I listen to their discussions. Instead they were very quick to relate the ineffectiveness on poor dieting habits, or periodically going off track, or lack or exercise. Initially probably mostly everyone would love to have the trait that enables one to eat as much as they please but have a metabolism so speedy that it burns calories, breaks down, and leaves them as slim as an individual who consumes a reasonable amount of calories. Unfortunately that’s not the case with everyone. Some experience

syndrome, was thought to have particularly affect men. Now it affects both elderly men and

An endocrine disorder, such as hypothyroidism or diabetes. Diabetes is the most common cause of this condition.

Pituitary gigantism is a rare endocrine disorder in which the anterior pituitary releases an excess of growth hormone (GH) during childhood before the epiphyseal plates close, causing abnormal increased somatic growth in the patient, occurring usually because of a pituitary tumor, also called an adenoma (Goldenberg et al. 2009). There are several treatments that can usually prevent pituitary gigantism or halt the rapid growth if caught early enough. These treatments include drug therapy, surgical removal of the adenoma, and radiation therapy (Flitsch et al. 2000). It is crucial that pituitary gigantism is detected and treated before excessive growth occurs, as it can cause uneven and abnormal growth in the extremities, facial deformities, severe headaches, blindness, and a shortened life expectancy (de Herder 2008). However, if treated soon enough, patients can live a long, healthy and happy life. Below, I will detail the different methods of treatment and how they work.

Normal CT brain, small hematoma with no mid line shift and diffuse axonal injury were seen in APOE ϵ4 positive and negative patients with no significant difference. However, a large hematoma with midline shift was seen in 50% (n=9) of gene positive patients and 25% (n=18) of gene

If the PA is detected early and identified as a microadenoma or < size, then surgery may not be required as tumours respond well to medication.

Brain stem – dizziness, unsteady and uncoordinated walking, facial weakness, double vision or difficulty with speech and swallowing.