Introduction Leisure sciences is a field that takes its writing requirements from other fields such as kinesiology, physical education or the social sciences. Depending on your topic, you may write a scientific paper or a qualitative paper; this paper will focus on qualitative methods. For the purpose of this article the focus will be on social science research with physical educational research. When writing in leisure sciences, it is important to take notes from both disciplines, for example Oliver (1998) wrote that physical educational research uses narratives to describe how professionals work. This is important in leisure sciences as the field is a professional field and can be related as both fields focus on research that involves knowledge …show more content…
Academic writing is not artistic, it is not something that a researcher can just write and claim it is true, the writer needs to prove they have authority or that others with authority agree with their claim (Lewin, 2010). MacDonald (2010) points out that although there is evidence that supports your claim, you cannot claim it as “truth”, for example in your literature review you may find two articles on the same topic claiming different theories. This is why when providing evidence it is important to word the research in a way that claims your authority, however it also does not claim truth but the support means that your research is more likely to be true, phrases that can be used are “research suggests that” or “findings indicate that” (MacDonald, 2010). Phrasing work like this proves that you have evidence to back up your claims, but also lets the reader know you are leaving room for interpretation of the …show more content…
When claiming authority over a topic or theory, it is important that you prove you know what you’re talking about because research backs it up, this can be the differences between “I know because research proved it” versus “I just know” (Locke, 1989). This is what makes the literature review one of the most important and longest pieces of an academic paper. According to Lewin (2010) the literature is required in academic writing as it provides a support and a background. However, issues do arise in academic writing with the literature review. When writing an academic paper, the writer needs to not only reference other academic articles, in social sciences the writer needs to reference the creator of original theories that may be in papers they are citing, and they also need to reference the original source of information they are using to back up their claims (Lewin, 2010). Without this citation, the information is not validated. An example of this is in therapeutic recreation the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model is referenced by a number of articles in the Therapeutic Recreation Journal (2016), however each author must give the credit to the creator, Baltes (1998). If this is not done in academic writing, it not only does not give credit to the creator, it also shows that the author of the article is not knowledgeable on
References to various other studies are made in the literature review, according to Parahoo (2006) describing other people's studies indicates that the researcher has made clear a link between previous knowledge which informs the reader of the background of the study. Benton & Cormack (2001) advocates the literature review should start with an introduction which should contain some reference to the sources discussed as well as an indication of the amount of previous work published. The reader fe
Compare and contrast the following qualitative research methods: case study, phenomenological, and grounded theory. Synthesize the findings and determine which is best suited to a study on your potential dissertation topic. Analyze the issues associated with sample selection, validity, and bias in such a study.
For the purpose of this study the researcher will observe the leisure programs and take notes. The first part of this process will be taking note of observations, which includes where the activity takes place, who is running it, how many participants have shown up, and the level of participation. The researcher will note any differences in the environment from previous sessions as well in order to analyze what made participants engage more or less than previous sessions. Badenhorst (2008) suggests that the researcher should also take pictures or drawings of the room so long as the participants and leisure professional have given permission. This is to be better able to reflect on the situation when it comes time to analyze the data (Badenhorst, 2008). During this process the researcher needs to be as detailed as possible, were the participants smiling during the session? Were the participants socializing? What was being said during the socialization? Every participant in the room needs to be written about from the beginning of the session until the end of the session (Badenhorst, 2008). It is important to note if something happened that might impact their participation, for example, did they have a medical procedure that morning that affected their participation that afternoon? When taking notes the researcher needs
When writing my research argument I included citations and quotes. I included citations to acknowledge the contribution of other writers in my work and it provided evidence to support the assertions and claims in my paper. For instance, Fighting words and true threats to inflict injury are types of speech that are more easily constrained than others (Ruane, 2014, p. 3). I cited Ruane’s work at the end of the sentence to give her credit. I also used quotes for important evidence. If you look at this quote the student had posted several statements and pictures to his
The stated purpose of the article was to evaluate not only pain control in adolescents who underwent a spinal fusion, but also the emotional/psychological and physical affect it had on them. Another stated purpose was to uncover the pre-operation education and preparedness for the surgery. Is it enough to prepare
In this assignment, various research with regards to different agendas will be discussed and broken down into the approaches that were conducted and the results of these researches. The first study that will be analyzed will be; Factors Involved in Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative study of Thai Mental Health Nurses. The authors for this research study were; Kaewprom, Chettha; Curtis, Janette; Deane, Frank P. The main point of this study was to investigate international methods, such as those conducted in Thailand and compare and contrast them with American psychiatric approaches in order to improve the
Following a critical overview of the literature, this chapter outlines the research methodology. It will provide a justification for a qualitative methodological approach and specification of methods employed. Highlighting the appropriateness of interviews and focus groups in relation to the methodology and overall research. It will also provide recognition of their relative strengths and limitations.
The title of this research study is: The internet and student research: teaching critical evaluation skills. I believe that this title is suitable for the research study because it is an overview of the information that relates the point of the study itself which indicates a connection between students and their use of the internet when it comes to utilizing the internet as a research tool. The study reflects the central phenomenon by exploring
The article I chose to discuss is: Davis, H. A., & Bowman, S. L. (2015). Examining experiences of weight-related oppression in a bariatric sample: A qualitative exploration.
The First method appeals to authority. This means the writer support an argument with a theory from an expert or a specialist person. In addition, it could be from the people who affected by an issue. This evidence usually takes quotation, paraphrasing or summaries form.
The purpose of the article is to review and critique the article “Changes in Maternal Characteristics in Nova Scotia, Canada from 1988 to 2001” (Fell, et al., 2005). The study design of Fell et al., (2005) research analysis is a prospective perinatal population base cohort study from 1988 to 2001. The goal of the research was to trend specific characteristics like age, smoking and weight gain in pregnant women in the Nova Scotia area. In this paper, the writer will critique several different aspects of the article including discussion of the theoretical, methodological and interpretive dimension of the article. This criterion will be based on the article “A nurses’ guide to the critical reading of research.” Lastly, the critique will conclude with a brief summary of the writer’s thoughts on the research.
The article titled “Lay representations of workplace stress: What do people really mean when they say they are stressed? by Gail Kinman and Fiona Jones, the research questions is what do people actually mean when they say they feel stress due to their jobs? and How people manage their stress? The researchers were wondering how people define the word stress due to past researches participants used to define the word stress with different meanings. For this reason, they conducted this study to find a better concept of the word stress.
Everyone in society partakes in leisure. Leisure may be in the form of watching TV, gardening, fishing or playing a sport. The reasoning behind leisure participation also varies, individuals may partake in leisure for health benefits, because of their friends are or simply, because they enjoy the activity. It is important for leisure practitioners too not only understand the health benefits leisure provides an individual, but to also understand what motivates individuals to partake in leisure and what types of barriers and constraints they may have to overcome for successful leisure participation to occur. For the purpose of this essay the concepts extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy and learned helplessness will be explored.
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important.
‘’The literature review as a piece of academic writing, must be clear, have a logical structure and show that you have acquired a sufficient range of skills and capabilities at an appropriate level.’’