Yamashiro Week 1 Summary

This test studied participants’ semantic memory retrieval, narrative skills, and verbal fluency. As mentioned above, this is one task where HSAMs outperformed the controls with an average 17.81 stereotypes, significantly larger than 13.55 stereotypes. Researchers report that HSAM participants gave better narratives which relates to the detailed encoding of their autobiographical memories, but also indicates that their narratives are more reliable and detailed than controls. Further, this suggests that their enhanced semantic memory may be an important component of their enhanced episodic memories since often knowing certain details triggers the memory of even more details leading eventually to remembering more and more of event, or in this case, most of the individual’s

This experiment is based on previous research done. For example, in 1969, in a research by Bower and Clark, no difference in the immediate recall scores of both groups was noted, but when later asked to recall, those who used narrative chaining recalled an average of 93% of the words compared to the control group which only recalled an average of 13% of words. In another experiment, participants who used narrative chaining remembered six times more information than participants who learned by simply repeating the words to themselves (Loftus, 1980). Narrative chaining is particularly useful when a person wants to remember information in a particular order. The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of narrative chaining on memory. It is hypothesized that in a group of 59 participants aged 10-69 years old, participants who use narrative chaining to remember a list of words will remember a higher number and percentage of words when asked to write down as many words as possible through serial recall compared to participants who use maintenance rehearsal.

Box 6.1 describes some of the advantages of qualitative methods, while Section 3 discusses the use of interviews and ethnography to study friendships. Chapter 9: Sections 2, 3 and 4 provide information relevant to the question, they describe a number of experiments carried out in order to enhance our understanding of memory. Section 3 and Box 9.2: Why do it this way? are especially relevant, as they consider some of the limitations of experiments with regard to the application of memory research to real-life contexts. You might want to reflect on this when evaluating the contribution of experiments to the understanding of human behaviour and performance.

Messages become shorter when passed from one person to the next. Memories can be modified to fit one’s personal social experiences (i.e., conventionalization). Memory is unreliable, sensory stimuli are not stored as is but are actively transformed by the brain for storage depending on individual factors such as personal relevance and expectations. The most essential information is better remembered, but what is considered “most essential” may depend on an individual’s experiences. This suggests memory does not function as a video recording, but is a highly complex process that is influenced by an individual’s levels of attention, motivation, expectations, experiences, emotional state, etc. It also suggests that memory is an active process that involves constructing narratives out of events rather than passively recording

Introduction Memory is the tool we have a tendency to use to find out what has happened or assume when repeated. Memory is the power of retentive and recalling past experiences. We have a tendency to reassure ourselves that our reminiscences are correct and precise. Many of us believe that they'd be ready to keep in mind something from the event, and therefore the completely different options of things. Yet, people don’t notice the very fact that the more you're thinking that a few state of affairs the additional seemingly the story can change, and be altered without you knowing it.

Allport, Postman (1947) and Loftus (1974) also support Bartlett’s idea of reconstructive memory. Loftus mainly focused on the reliability of eyewitness testimonies. As done in this experiment, Loftus and Palmer conducted a study on the effects of wording a question differently and how that would affect the answer. In the experiment the researchers used two different verbs on two different test groups. One was “contact” the other was “smashed”. The effect of this was a change in the speed estimated by the participants. The verb “contact” gave an average speed of 32mph while the verb “smash” gave an average of 41 mph in the experiment conducted by Loftus. There is a positive correlation between word use and how memory is retrieved because of it.

Memory – what it is, how it works, and how it might be manipulated – has long been a subject of curious fascination. Remembering, the mind-boggling ability in which the human brain can conjure up very specific, very lucid, long-gone episodes from any given point on the timeline of our lives, is an astounding feat. Yet, along with our brain’s ability of remembrance comes also the concept of forgetting: interruptions of memory or “an inability of consciousness to make present to itself what it wants” (Honold, 1994, p. 2). There is a very close relationship between remembering and forgetting; in fact, the two come hand-in-hand. A close reading of Joshua Foer’s essay, “The End of Remembering”, and Susan Griffin’s piece, “Our Secret”, directs us

Droga5 has announced the promotions of two key creatives to leaders of its London office. Creative Directors Rick Dodds and Steve Howell will assume the roles of Executive Creative Directors, reporting to Chief Creative Officer David Kolbusz, effective immediately. Dodds and Howell have been creative partners for nearly 13 years, having first teamed up at Buckinghamshire New University before beginning their professional careers together at Saatchi & Saatchi London. Seven years at Saatchi & Saatchi led to Dodds and Howell joining Droga5 New York in 2012 as Art Director and Copywriter, respectively. The pair created some remarkable campaigns, resulting in quickly being appointed Creative Directors in 2013. Following what was supposed to only be a brief stint at Droga5 London, Dodds and Howell have decided to make a permanent move to their native England to work across the agency’s client roster and new business initiatives. The creative duo has most recently produced work for Hobbs’s “Make an Understatement” campaign, and they are currently creating work for Vita Coco, Radox, Impulse, Belstaff

In experiment 1, we manipulated the context in which interrelated events occur to be same or different, examining how increased similarity across episodes shape the structure of memory representations. It was hypothesized that overlapping contexts promote the reactivation of the prior knowledge during encoding, and therefore strengthen the connection between two memory representations and result in memory integration. In experiment 2, we sought to investigate the consequences of the establishment of an integrated network on other expressions of memory, such as the perceptual and semantic details for a specific encoding event. Our hypothesis of this experiment was that the formation of the integrated memory representations merges related memory traces and thereby can cause idiosyncratic detail

Week 1: Efrat, A. (2010), Toward Internationally Regulated Goods: Controlling the Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, International Organization, 64(01), pp. 97-131.

The underneath logic is that if the observer’s preference favour the opposite option of the coactor, social inhibition of return will be capable to influence the memory of the observers and even create a false memory. False memory is an illusory memory that some of the memories were distorted through different factors like brain diseases, false recognition cases or delusional memories (Kopelman, 1999). Schacterm, Norman and Koutstaal (1998, cited in Kopelman, 1999) suggested that memory distortion may occur if the retrieval cues are not specific enough. Conway and Tacchi (1996) found that false memory might be influenced by social context by giving the example of a victim of a bombing. They analysed the patient who provided information about the accident after 72 hours of the event. It was suggested that the patient could not memorize the incident in the first 24 hours but gave fragment memories based on his relatives and friends’ comments after 72 hours. According to Conway and Tacchi (1996), memory can be constructed after the accident, which influenced by social context like social group’s opinions. It is interesting to know whether there will be erroneous memories created from the social inhibition of return. If participants’ preferences favour the opposite locations of their partners, these may reflect that a social IOR effect inhibits the words in the same location of participants’ partners and results a temporal false memory to

According to Parkin (1999) memory is the erudition of fresh information connecting variations in the synaptic connections amongst neurons dedicated for the stowage of material. However, memory is also the ability to recall information and this is a point where the phenomenon of human memory falters. This essay will argue that human memory is not reliably accurate for details of past events over an extended time period and under experimental conditions. This is supported by firstly Zhu et al. (2011), whose results intensely advocated that short-term contact to misinformation can lead to long-term false memory. The results showed a positive correlation between the amount of misinformation and the number of false memories recalled. To add to this, Vitevitch, Chan, & Roodenrys, (2012) examined how network structure influences recall in long and short term memory. The results showed that participants falsely recognized more words with low connection to network structure than high connection to network structure. That is, the higher the words’ connection to neural networks, the less chance the participant would produce false memory. These results showed a negative correlation between the connection to neural networks and the amount of false memories produced i.e. if a participant had low connection they would produce more false memories than if they had high connection.

A chain of associations are formed by memory; the interconnection and linkage of words, ideas and concepts which form a stimuli that helps remember a person's name once the face is seen (Gazzaniga, Ivry & Mangun, 2009; Watier & Collin, 2012). Associative network memory model can be called a conceptual representation which suggests that memory consists of a set of nodes which have intercnnected linkages. Here the nodes are representated as concepts or stored information and the links which are formed between them depict how much strength the association between the nodes carry. Memories are kept inside the

What has been related to me by Adam and Farrah clearly shows how family is not our own source of mnemonic socialization. Listening to his friend’s pride and happiness when talking about Liverpool made Adam slowly begin to grow an attachment to the club till eventually it become part of his identity, as he becomes a Liverpool fan. For Farrah, vicarious memories does not other people’s influence to arise, the things we choose to and place we explore can lead us to construct vicarious memories. On top of that, her experience brings up my next point on how technology has affected the learning of vicarious memories.

Memory makes us. It is, to an extent, a collection of unique and personal experiences that we, as individuals, have amassed over our lifetime. It is what connects us to our past and what shapes our present and the future. If we are unable remember the what, when, where, and who of our everyday lives, our level of functioning would be greatly impacted. Memory is defined as or recognized as the “sum or total of what we remember.” Memory provides us the ability to learn and adjust to or from prior experiences. In addition, memory or our ability to remember plays an integral role in the building and sustaining of relationships. Additionally, memory is also a process; it is how we internalize and store our external environment and experiences. It entails the capacity to remember past experiences, and the process of recalling previous experiences, information, impressions, habits and skills to awareness. It is the storage of materials learned and/or retained from our experiences. This fact is demonstrated by the modification, adjustment and/or adaptation of structure or behavior. Furthermore, we as individuals, envision thoughts and ideas of the present through short-term memory, or in our working memory, we warehouse past experiences and learned values in long-term memory, also referred to as episodic or semantic memory. Most importantly, memory is malleable and it is intimately linked to our sense of identity and where we believe we belong in the world.