Young Mothers At Risk Essay

On the basis of the interpretation of the above provided data and literature review it can be observed that there are number of factors that contribute to the aspect of maternal mental health. Among those mentionable factors social factor is a significant aspect. On the basis of the collected data it has been observed that, women disadvantaged social background is prone and exposed to maternal mental illness. The reason being the fact that, the social background acts as a, constrain on their part in terms of awareness and availing required care services and assistance in such condition. As result of this the symptoms associated with maternal mental illness further develop. Other than that, it results in social exclusion that also impacts the mental wellbeing of the mother, as it can be witnessed from Tower Hamlets Borough. In addition to it has been observed that, factor like maternal age also major impact on maternal mental age (Wisner et al., 2009). The reason being pregnancy prior the age of 20 has negative impact on emotional wellbeing of the mother which is applicable for old age pregnancy as well, because old age pregnancy increases complications and thus have negative impact on mental health of mother as well. Aspects like domestic violence have significant negative impact in maternal mental health as it results in depression and anxiety among the mother. Obesity is also seen to impact the mental wellbeing of the mother adversely as it creates a feeling and

Twenty-four mother-infant dyads completed all aspects of the study. Of those 24, 18 were Caucasian, 22 were married, eight of them had an annual family income of $50,000 to $74,999, and seven had an annual family income of over $100,000. Also 16 of the participating mothers had a graduate degree. Not only is the sample size very small, but the demographics of the mothers is greatly disproportionate. With the majority of mothers being caucasian, educated, middle class, married women, the sample size does not accurately represent the majority of the population who lives in relative poverty and cannot afford to seek help. About half of the mothers had a history of depression and were taking or had just started taking antidepressant medication when they first enrolled. Considering the size of the sample, all the mothers should have been either prescription drug users, or not, but not both. Prescription drug treatment for any depression significantly changes perceptions of mood, skewing the results, and there is not enough women in the study to make a concise prognosis.

This is especially true in women of childbearing age (Lee King, Duan, & Amaro, 2015). The dyad of mother and baby presents a special vulnerable population within the Appalachian region. Women, who experience physical, psychological or sexual abuse during childhood, are at an increased risk to have post-partum depression, especially if SUD co-exists (Ross & Dennis, 2009). This dyad of mother and child in an impoverished setting with limited resources to health care, despite access to insurance, results in a perpetual disparity that results in preventable mortality from a variety of disease processes (Lane et al.,

Different researchers are trying to come up with different alternatives for the battle of depression in African American pregnant women. Kenyon,Hemming, Ingram, Dann, and MacArthur (2012) also conducting a research. They use a randomized controlled trail their research consensus of try to provide evidence that if support are offer to women that may have any social risk factors such as depression their attitudes about seeking out for help will improve. In this study the women were African American women that come from disadvantaged background.

Depression is a major public health problem, especially for low-income and homeless women. “Approximately 12% of women from all socioeconomic groups are depressed. This percentage approaches 25% for those living in poverty and for ethnic and racial minorities and 40% to 60% for low-income mothers with young children and pregnant and parenting teens. Lifetime rates of depression among mothers who are homeless range from 45% to 85%.” (Bassuk and Beardslee, 2014)

According to the CDC, current research shows that postpartum depression (PPD) is a complication that effects 1-8 women after they give birth. It is when the mother experiences depression after giving birth that is the result of hormone changes, adjustments to motherhood and fatigue. It is one of the most common diseases after the mother gives birth and is often underdiagnosed and overlooked. PPD can cause complication that not only affect the mother but also the baby by breaking the mother-infant bond. PPD can lead to a lack of social and emotional support to the baby during its critical period of life according to the CDC. There are experiences that put some women at higher risks for developing postpartum depression than others women. Some risk factors discussed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are low social supports, stress, culture, multiple births, and economic standings. Some of these risk factors are shown in case A which involves a Latino family that includes a father that is 31 years in age, mother who is 30 years of age, a 5-year-old son and an 8 -week old daughter. The main idea of this case was that the mother was starting to develop postpartum depression after the birth of her last daughter.

Having a baby can be the most wonderful feeling in the world . Becoming a mother, especially a first time mother can be really stressing; some women are at greater risk for developing Postpartum Depression. Postpartum Depression is depression that occurs after childbirth and causes hormonal changes. In addition, there are three types of Postpartum moods Postpartum Blues , Postpartum Depression, and Postpartum Psychosis. Postpartum Blues affects mothers in the first weeks of postpartum , Postpartum Depression affects mothers in the first year, and Postpartum Psychosis occurs in the first three months of postpartum.

Women who have previously suffered with depression prior to childbirth have a higher chance of experiencing the debilitating depression. Teenage mothers have an increased risk of postpartum depression “with prevalence estimates ranging from 26% to over 50%” (Springer). Adolescent mothers can experience the consequences of postpartum more so than non-adolescent mothers because of “their increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, low self-esteem, little social support and parenting difficulties” (Springer) at such a young age.

In terms of public health and associated concern, in the recent years it has been observed that mental illness has major impact on pregnant women and postpartum period which has become a concern of public health lately. The aspect that associated with pregnancy of women and their mental health that has brought this topic in the forefront is the fact that mental health problems like depression and anxiety have the probability to impact women twice as compared to men. The severity of the situation seen from a global perspective, shows that depression is one of the major reasons of maternal mental illness during the childbearing age of women, which is approximately between the age group of 18 to 40 years. As a result of this to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) it contributes approximately 7% of the entire GBD for women of all age group (Leham, 2015).

The birth of a child is thought to be one of the happiest events that can occur in a family (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2016). Yet, for some the period after childbirth becomes a struggle to survive (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, & Hansen, 2015). It is estimated that 15% of new mothers develop postpartum depression (PPD) (Lowdermilk, 2016). Most feel that PPD only affects the mother. As a result, the consequences to the family have largely been overlooked (Kaakinen et al., 2015). Therefore this paper will explore the effects that postpartum depression (PPD) has on the family and how nursing can promote strategies to improve family health by utilizing the family systems theory.

MP appears to be an effective intervention for mothers with postpartum depression and/or anxiety and their children due to its complex, multimodal approach (Muzik et al., 2015). MP focuses on mental health, parenting skills, child development, child attachment needs, and self-care for mothers, who currently have or have had a history of psychopathology and/or trauma (Muzik et al., 2015, p. 4). MP utilizes a multi-family group therapy approach based on trauma theory and attachment theory that includes 13 sessions in total. There are 3 individual sessions that occur before, during, and after the other 10 weekly group sessions that include 6 mothers and their children (Muzik et al., 2015, p. 6). The mothers interact with their children in

African American women that deal with various stressors are more likely to have negative birth outcomes. The onset of depressive symptoms most likely to occur around 20 and 40 years of age in pregnant women (Molina and Kiely, 2011). Furthermore, intimate partner violence was associated with depressive symptoms. Additionally, substance use such as smoking and alcohol use was associated with depressive symptoms in pregnant women. Additionally, the loss of a child from stillbirth or miscarriage associated with loss contributed to depressive symptoms. Similarly, Kim et al. (2013) demonstrates patients with antenatal depression is common in African American women who are single which increases risk for birth outcomes (p. 480). The adverse effect

Depression is a serious situation in people’s lives. Especially adolescent mothers. In this report by Diana Mahoney, we are shown that teen pregnancy can lead to critical depression. Data taken from two consecutive longitudinal risk reduction interventions, Dr. Beth Bartnet and few of her colleagues discovered several depressive symptoms were linked with a 44% increased risk of following pregnancy, there are about 269 predominantly African American and low income teens. This information will be used throughout my essay to inform people that not only does a low income teen mother suffer, but so does the child. There is a pattern. Media affects body image, which leads to depression, which can lead to a teen wanting a companionship, then things

Only around 15% of women receive the proper help they need. The exact numbers are unknown considering the stigma that surrounds any type of mental health issue. The majority of affected mothers don’t have the resources to obtain the proper treatment for their symptoms or for their children. Previous studies have shown that mothers with postpartum depression tend to negatively affect the development of their infant. “Children outcomes include poor cognitive functioning, as well as emotional and behavioral problems such as increased risk for externalizing disorders and future psychopathology.” (Werner, Gustafsson, Lee, Feng, Jiang, Desai, & Monk, 2015). It has been proven that postpartum depression “dysregulates maternal cognitive and affective function and in turn interferes with the mother’s ability to notice and interpret her infant’s cues accurately, contingently and sensitively.” (Horowitz, Murphy, Gregory, Wojcik, Pulcini, & Solon, 2013) causing them more frustration and preventing them from properly caring and stimulating the child. Postpartum depression is such a serious condition that not only can it cost the life of the mother but also the life of the

Over the course of my research paper I will be examining the different aspects of postpartum depression and how it affects their child’s developmental stages. The research compiled will explain how maternal depression could do harm to a child and if the possible treatments available. I will explain the methods I will be using, information I found in my research, developmental theories, and my opinion on this subject. In the first section of my paper I will explain what methods I have used to gather my information next I will conclude my research findings this section will include definitions, the stages, how it affects developmental and treatments available, moving on with my paper I will explain how developmental theories