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What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Defined by the website www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com, “Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness that causes unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. It usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood.” One may wonder what can be the cause of this disorder. BPD can be detected by an in-person interview about the symptoms that are occurring. The input from family and close friends of the individual that is being treated can also help detect the symptoms. The causes for BPD are not fully

The aspect of BPD that drew me towards it was the notion that it is a more widespread mental illness than people think, often tied down to difficulties in diagnosing it due to crossovers with other illnesses such as depression which uses similar diagnosis criterion from the DSM V. In fact BPD affects 50% more people than Alzheimer’s disease and nearly as many as schizophrenia and bipolar combined (2.25%). There are a number of treatments available including new advances in epigenetics meaning a potential for more effective medication, as well as ' talking therapy ' treatments such as schema based therapy, metallization therapy and dialectal behaviour therapy which I am going to evaluate in order to decide according to scientific evidence and application what the most effective treatment for BPD is at present. The most effective treatment will be decided upon a

This disorder occurs in most by early adulthood. The unstable pattern of interacting with others persists for years and is usually closely related to the person’s self-image and early social interactions. The pattern is present in a variety of settings, and often is accompanied by a similar fluctuation in a person’s emotions and feelings. Relationships and the person’s emotion may often be characterized as being shallow. People with BPD often have odd thinking and

BPD affects about four percent of the community, but can be as high as twenty percent in many clinical psychiatric populations. It can be difficult to treat because it responds poorly to most conventional methods of treatment and because of how little we still know about it. There have been many great discoveries about BPD in only a few decades. There are still many questions to be answered about this disorder, but it has gone from a label attached to those who did not quite fit into other categories to a completely separate and somewhat understood mental illness.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders(DSM-5,2013), "Borderline Personality Disorder (301.83) is a pervasive pattern of volatility of interpersonal relations, self image, and affect, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context" (p. 663). Concurrent disorders associated with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are depressive and bipolar disorders and substance use disorders, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. BPD also commonly co-occurs with other personality disorders. These disorders have a high co-morbidity. The incidence of BPD

This affects how you feel about yourself and how you relate to others. A person with BPD has a fear of being alone. Feeling alone, worthless, etc. can lead to these people having episodes of anxiety and depression. Most researchers agree that a history of childhood trauma can be a cause for BPD. BPD is more widespread in females. 75% of those diagnosed are females. It is thought that BPD affects about 2% of the general population. A person with BPD has a smaller hippocampus and amygdala than an average person would. Their prefrontal cortex tends to be less active, especially when recalling memories of abandonment. Although like most personality disorders, BPD will typically decrease as a person ages. A person with BPD has manic episodes. In a manic episode, the person is extremely happy without any real reason to be happy. Not being able to sit still, restlessness, irritability, and unlimited energy are common in manic episodes. People in a manic episode oddly become very creative. A lack of organization renders a person in a manic episode from expressing their

(j) My critique of the source material the research only focused mainly of the internal state the involved BPD, although some environmental influences where mention.

1.6 % of adults are diagnosed with BPD each year. It is usually shown that BPD begins in early adulthood/adolescence, but has also been seen to show symptoms in early childhood. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014) It is unlikely to be diagnosed before the age of 16 (National Center for Biotechnology Information,

Psychologists perform many studies related to Borderline Personality Disorder. One study in adults proves that 2-8% of adults suffer from BPD. In the same study, psychologist discovered that in fact the disorder is far more common in women than in men. After obtaining research in children and teens we see the frequency of BPD in 9-19 years of age is about 11%. This study or theory also proves that BPD occurs more often in girls than in boys. Borderline Personality Disorder can be triggered or caused in many different ways. Some people suffer from BPD due to a disturbing childhood experience. Studies show this disorder could even be genetic. There are numerous reasons why a child, teen, adult can develop traits and eventually suffer from BPD. Many patients tell or report abuse or neglect during childhood or some pivotal time in their life. The most common abuse reported tends to be sexual abuse as a child. Forty to seventy percent of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder, who suffered abuse as a child, claim the abuse was sexual in nature. Other important causes revolve around family neglect, foster care, or trauma. BPD patients have an increased fear of losing a primary attachment figure. With higher awareness of BPD, we now know this disorder’s high personal, social, and economic toll make it a national public health

who do not have BPD. It has been found that individuals with BPD reach "arousal levels" much faster than others and take longer to get back to "normal levels" of arousal. Individuals with BPD appear to constantly have some type of crisis and they tend to view things in very close minded ways which can lead to intense feelings of their emotions. DBT teaches ways to cope with this. (Grohol, 2017). There are 4 modules used in DBT to teach the skills to reduce symptoms of BPD. The first is "mindfulness" (answering the question to themselves "what do I do to be mindful"), the second is "interpersonal effectiveness" (how you interact with the people around you and in your personal life), the third is "distress tolerance" (most therapies focus on changing distressing events whereas DBT focuses on learning to cope with pain using coping skills) and the fourth is "emotion regulation" (properly identifying emotions and changing them).

As the name BPD infers, it was thought to be on the border between psychotic and neurotic behavior. With stigmatizing negative association, BPD is slowly changing to no longer be considered a relevant term for diagnosing. There is a movement to change the terminology of the diagnosis to Emotional Unstable. This new term may more accurately depict what someone is going through as well as remove the negative stigmatism associated with BPD.

Most of the participants were recruited from the greater Aarhus area in Risskov. Potential subjects completed clinical interviews, state examinations (PSE) (SE) and semistructured SCID-II interviews. 111 participants took part in the study and all met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for BPD. In order to participate in the study, the participant must be older than 21 years old, the patient could not have co-occurring conditions such as antisocial and paranoid personality disorders, if a patient were suffering from a severe substance abuse problem (every day) they were excluded, and the individual must have a global assessment of functioning (GAF) score above 34 to be included for randomization.

Have you ever heard of the saying, " There is always two sides to an argument"? Well in

The history of BPD can be traced back to 1938 when Adolph Stern first described the symptoms of the disorder as neither being psychotic nor psychoneurotic; hence, the term ‘borderline’ was introduced (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Then in 1960, Otto Kernberg coined the term ‘borderline personality organization’ to describe persistent patterns of behavior and functioning consisting of instability, and distressed psychological self-organization (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15).

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by fluctuation of self-image, lack of stable interpersonal relationships and pronounced and unpredictable impulsivity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (2013) also lists fear of abandonment, suicidal or self-harming behaviors, intense or inappropriate anger that is difficult to control as well as paranoid ideation or dissociative symptoms. Morcos and Morcos (2016) wrote that patients with BPD are often misdiagnosed with other trauma related disorders, such as PTSD, depression or bipolar disorder. According to Beatson, et al. (2016) there are additional issues in diagnosing older patients, as the criteria indicates that symptoms would have been seen early in the patient’s life, not later. Beatson, et al. (2016) also noted that there is a considerable lack of studies and literature concerning BPD in older patients, making the diagnostic process more difficult. In this case study we will be working with an older patient, one that was well into midlife before Borderline Personality Disorder was included in the DSM, to see if she fits the criteria for BPD and what treatment options might be available.