Zagazig University. Faculty Of Medicine . Rheumatology

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. While inflammation of the tissue around the joints and inflammatory arthritis are characteristic features of rheumatoid arthritis, the disease can also cause inflammation and injury in other organs in the

Osteoarthritis is often associated with degeneration and destruction of articular cartilage. Pathophysiology of the disease is complex which involving of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factor that affects the joint homeostasis (McNulty et al, 2013). Recent studies shown increase production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a critical role in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (Bondeson, 2006) which will be discussed in later part.

Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. RA is a progressive and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that affects the joints symmetrically, causing a range of systemic effects. What it causes is still not well known; nevertheless, findings of new research points towards a believe that it is triggered by a defective immune system, which causes the release of inflammatory chemicals. These chemicals cause damage to cartilage and bone, usually affecting the wrists, the joints of the hand, including the knuckles, the middle joints of the fingers and feet. While this condition can affect any joints, besides, important body organs such as the eyes and the lungs can also be affected by the inflammation that occurs as a result of this chronic condition. Only in America 1.3 million of people are affected by this ailment, and 75 % of them are mainly women. Its onset usually occurs between fourth and sixth decades; however, RA can occur at any age("Diseases And

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. The prevalence of this autoimmune disease is between 0.3% to 1.5% of the population in the United States (Feinberg, pp 815). It affects women two to three times more often than men, and the onset of RA is usually between 25 and 50 years of age, but it can occur at any age (Reed, pp 584). RA can be diagnosed by establishing the presence of persistent joint pain, swelling in a symmetric distribution, and prolonged morning stiffness. RA usually affects multiple joints, such as the hands, wrists, knees, elbows, feet, shoulders, hips, and small

Therefore, a decrease in the IL-21 serum levels will be beneficial to the treatment of MG. The methods involved for this experiment consisted of the use an ELISA kit with which spectrophotometer data was recorded at a wavelength of 450 nm. Before the treatment with the glucocorticoids, the plasma concentration of IL-21 was at 86.94 ± 14.47 pg/ml. After the treatment was done, a huge decrease was noticeable. Indeed, the concentration of Il-21 was at 35.84 ± 16.13 pg/ml but it still remained higher than that of the healthy patients who had an average concentration of 16.65 ± 6.65 pg/ml. However, the authors of the experiment determined that the serum concentration of anti-AChR-IgG along with its 3 subclasses (IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3) did not show

Cytokine came into interest to (Feldmman and Maini, 2003) when they found in a pattern to autoimmune diseases such as RA that abnormal amounts of antigen molecules expressed on the cell surface. Cytokine seemed to regulate Major histocompatibility complex expression and further studies were carried out to study cytokine in the disease state by isolating pieces of human tissue with RA and cloning cDNA of cytokines. It was revealed that many different pro & anti-inflammatory cytokines are expressed (Figure 1) but these were overexpressed

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The disease happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks a healthy tissue as if it was a foreign invader, such as a virus or bacteria. If left untreated it can lead to permanent joint damage, decrease in quality of life, and total disability. It affects over a million people in the U.S. alone. Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms include persistent joint inflammation which causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. Fatigue and stiffness are usually early symptoms. Joint pain can be an early symptom in a variety of diseases. Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis often develop slowly over a period of weeks or longer, but this is not always the case, it can have an acute

The main cause doctors have found is that the immune system attacks the human body and starts to destroy the bones (Arthritisorg, 2015). Because the body is sensing an attack, heavy swelling occurs. The inflammation, even though it is healthy to help recover and maintain homeostasis, leads to painful swelling. With too much inflammation, the synovial- the lining membrane that covers the joints- hardens, cartilage and ligaments are destroyed, and the structure of the bones loosens (Arthritisorg, 2015). In the bloodstream, researchers have found that patients with rheumatoid arthritis have a higher percentage of HLA (controls the immune system); have more STAT4 (regulates the immune system); and have more PTPN22 (develops rheumatoid arthritis) (Arthritisorg, 2015). Still today, doctors are trying to find more answers for this non-stopping

Cytokines play a major role in the pathway of inflammation in Rheumatoid arthritis. The RA and the cytokine interaction could

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of connective tissue in the diarthrodial (synovial) joints, typically with periods of remission and exacerbation (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, & Camera, 2011). The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. Autoimmunity and genetic factors are believed to be important in the development of RA. Genetic predisposition appears to be important in the development of RA (Lewis et al., 2011). The strongest evidence for a familial influence is the increased occurrence of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (Lewis et al., 2011). Smoking can increase the risk of RA for a person who has a genetic predisposition. Autoimmunity theory suggests that changes

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joints, causing horrific symptoms such as immense pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of physical function (What is rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?). Joint pain which affects over seventy million Americans each year, can be discomfort, pain, or inflammation arising from any part of a joint, including cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, or muscles (Rheumatoid Arthritis.). It is very common in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis, which is inflammation or pain from within the joint itself. It can be mild, causing soreness only after certain activities, or it can be severe making even limited movement, particularly bearing

IL-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine that drives the local Th17 effector response, which leads to the expression of various IL-23 dependent genes, including IL-17A. Th17 cells have been linked to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Polymorphisms in genes related to IL-12 have been linked to efficacy with anti-TNF-alpha treatment. Patients with the IL-23 receptor SNP rs11209026 GG genotype who were treated with TNF-alpha inhibitors achieved PASI90 at 6 months

Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by “wear and tear” of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general body disease.

Blood test showed increase inflammatory markers with ESR 51mm, CRP 23.3 mg/l, normal fool blood count, liver function test and creatinin. Urate 631 mmol/l. HLA B27

Of particular relevance to RA, IL-6 induces osteoclast differentiation, contributing to joint destruction, bone resorption and osteoporosis (Branda˜o et al., 2010).