Zen Buddhism From Chinese Buddhism

Buddhism originated in India in fifth century BCE. In Buddha’s first sermon, he states that sorrow arises from craving and in order to stop the craving, one must follow the “Noble Truth of the Way” (Document 1). Later around 350 CE, China was invaded by central Asian steppe nomads. During this time, Zhi Dun, a Chinese scholar and author and friend of Chinese governmental officials, wrote that anyone who follows Buddha teachings and the path of Buddhism, he or she will be “enlightened in his spirit, and then he [or she] will reach Nirvana.” In Zhi Dun’s perspective, he believes that Buddhism will calm down China through its peaceful method of meditation. Due to invasions, disunity was present in the society (Document 2). As a result, many Chinese scholars saw Buddhism established order and control and found it as a way of reviving China. An anonymous Chinese scholar, who published the Disposition of Error in 500 CE, stated that he who follows the Way will gain “goodness and wisdom” in place of “worldly pleasures” (Document 3). While Confucianism was based on the idea of creating a better world, Buddhism focused more on acquiring more knowledge and being good to oneself. The monks who reach enlightenment give up their worldly views because they want peace in the world over their own desire of a wife and

The first response to the spread of Buddhism in China was acceptance of the new religion and conversion. People began obeying The Four Noble Truths and believing that life is sorrow (Doc #1). Also, according to Zhi Dun, anyone who serves the Buddha and obeys his commands will become enlightened and will enter Nirvana (Doc #2). Zhi Dun establishes the importance of obeying Buddhist laws and following the path of enlightenment because he wanted to maintain his popularity among the people

A brief comparison between Zen and Pure Land Buddhism, both of these are very popular amongst the Vietnamese community. The word Zen has been used many times in the West, due to the hard work of Japanese culture; Zen Buddhism does not have a strong influence as that of the Pure Land Buddhism. Also in the school of Zen, "they reject claims of scriptural authority and embrace many different practices". Zen Buddhism rests on claims to an exclusive lineage that has been passed down from teacher to disciple in a succession from "Shakyamuni", or the historical "Buddha", all the way to the present day.

Meditation is very difficult to describe and can only truly be explained once experienced. It is the practice of mental concentration leading ultimately through a sequence of stages to the final goal of spiritual freedom, nirvana. The purpose of Buddhist meditation is to free ourselves from the delusion and thereby put an end to both ignorance and craving. The Buddhists describe the culminating trance-like state as transient; final Nirvana requires the insight of wisdom. The exercises that are meant to develop wisdom involve meditation on the true nature of reality or the conditioned and unconditioned elements that make up all phenomena. The goal of meditation is to develop a concept in the mind.

experience. The enlightenment is the moment of understanding Om and gaining unity with it. This cannot be

The aspiration of all sentient beings is to reach enlightenment; to realize their Buddha-nature and ascend to Buddhahood. The path and method to reach enlightenment, however, differs depending on the perspective from which one views Buddhism. Dogen, in his teachings on Zen Buddhism, promotes the practice of zazen to reach enlightenment. Shinran and the Pure Land sect are devoted to Amida Buddha, who they believe will bring them to the Pure Land, and enlightenment. The ways espoused by Dogen and Shinran are similar in some aspects, but differing enough in others to warrant the separate sects of Buddhism in Japan. For the purposes of this examination, the two sects can be summarized by how they look at reaching enlightenment: Zen Buddhism focuses inwardly, while Pure Land focuses outwardly. By examining their own words on how one is to reach enlightenment, the similarities and differences in their methods can be seen, allowing a better understanding of the teachings of their respective sects.

Looking throughout history, there are many instances in which cultures and ideologies mirror biological and scientific phenomena. Often ideas will propagate much like a species would in certain environments. Like Darwin’s finches, notions regarding religion, culture, or any other system of thought, struggle to survive through competition with other systems of ideas. Instead of having offspring that are able to survive longer, these ideologies will fight for converts to further the spread of their beliefs. But in nature it is rare that two species will actually come to learn how to live with each other, and adapt to become stronger from their interaction. Much like when Buddhism immigrated to China, carrying ideals similar to the native Daoist principles, the interaction between the two religions triggered a drastic change in both. This syncretism occurred on account of the competition in the Chinese environment. Specifically, both held similar beliefs, which caused the two to fall into direct competition. In particular, the entry of Buddhism in China was accomplished by way of using Daoist principles and former Daoist to spread their beliefs, which immediately impacted Buddhism by means of its translation. The early success of Buddhism in China forced Daoism to either adapt or become extinct. This interaction between the two caused both to adapt and develop similar religious

Throughout history the differences between the East and West has primed modern debates worldwide. It comes down to the battle of beliefs: spiritualism vs. pragmatism, meditation vs. analysis, and virtues vs. materialism. The two ideologies have the same end in mind, but reach enlightenment in two completely different ways through the fluid dichotomy of the yin and yang. The East is the epitome of the yin beliefs because it characterizes a more integrative, intuitive and non-systematic approach to life; the West symbolizes the yang through its discriminative, scientific, and assertive will imposed upon others. Seen as the institutionalized hemisphere of the world, the West

Let go and enlightenment will come to you. This is the same underlying concept that Zen and Buddhism rely on. If one focuses too much on meditation then he will never actually clear your head and reach the blissful goal of enlightenment. His master explains this as, “The right art is purposeless, aimless! The more obstinately you try to learn how to shoot the arrow for the sake of hitting the goal, the less you will succeed in the one and the further the other will recede.” (Herrigel p. 31) So, for Herrigel to learn the art of archery he must cease to strive towards hitting the target and stop grasping at his goal. Instead he must focus only on the moment and let the goal come to him.

Zen, also known as Ch’an Buddhism in China, is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that was established in China about 1500 years ago. Zen is a form of religious practice of mainly concentrating the mind to a single point in which then results in self-realization and/or enlightenment. Zen philosophy is interpreted that all humans are capable of reaching enlightenment, which is generally blocked by ignorance. The idea emphasizes enlightened masters over forms of scriptures, and is the least “academic” of all the Buddhist schools.

Buddhism and Hinduism believe that there are many paths to attain enlightenment such as overcoming through your feelings and desires and controlling over the six conscious senses.

My previous perceptions and stereotypes of the Zen culture was totally wrong. In my misguided illusion, I had envisioned a rigid and closed pseudo philosophy, limited to just Asian culture and martial arts; shrouded in mystery. I guess this was my first impression, especially since I grew up watching a lot of martial arts movies during the early 80’s (Kung Fu theater, channel 5). In fact, the only thing similar to

Later on, the Japanese adapted another religion, Buddhism. Like Shinto, Buddhism is also a polytheistic religion. Moreover, because Shinto does not explain the afterlife while Buddhism does, these two religions co-existed in Japanese culture. Many people adapt to both religions' belief system at the same time. Zen Buddhism became widely adapted by the samurais later on during the Warrior Period. Zen Buddhism focuses on the discipline of individuals, one of the many reasons why samurais are seen as very refined warriors. They are often portrayed as being able to sense an enemy's attacks before they actually happen. This is an exaggeration of a samurai's ability to concentrate and focus on a goal. The samurais often use a Zen Buddhism technique called "Za Zen" to help clear their mind. A practical religion, Zen Buddhism helps to enhance self-discipline and improve one's self-concentration. One of the teachings of Zen Buddhism is "Bushin," meaning the clarification of the mind. A cleared mind allows the samurais to concentrate better on the task at hand and respond faster to enemies' attacks, make Zen Buddhism a very attractive religion to these warriors. Martial arts in Japan today also stress the importance of concentration. However, Bushin no longer applies to solely concentration in combat, but to all forms of concentration. For example, practicing martial arts is said to effective for improving one's performance at work due to better concentration

Instead of seeing a "soul" or a "mind" as the seat of personal identity, in Buddhism, the self is to be found in processes. Meditation, then, has the therapeutic effect of disengaging the practitioner from self-consciousness, freeing the mind. The view of the world without the construct of a permanent essence enables one to "experience reality as it really is" (3). It is important to note that Buddhism does not distinguish mental processes from other senses. Just as seeing takes a visual object, the mind takes a mental object (1). Just as the eye is free to take in different visual objects, the mind is free, as well. While meditation aims to develop "single-pointedness of mind," it is ultimately to free it from external objects. The focus is on the process of breathing, in Zen, and, eventually, one can reach a state where one is not considering anything (2). Zen considers the "blank-mind" stage to be a higher form of consciousness because it is free from attachments.

Michael Kampan O' Reilly states in Art Beyond the West that Zen Buddhism teaches one can find