Zinc And Treatment Of Zinc

While the prevalence of lead poisoning in children is decreasing in the United States, screening of lead levels remains an important task of the pediatric primary care provider. Risk factors for lead poisoning and its toxic effects include children under six years (and especially those between 12 and 36 months), inner city children living in deteriorating housing, low-income and middle-income children, and refugee and foster care children (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). The importance of this screening is underscored by the fact that children can be asymptomatic even with high blood lead levels (BLL) and symptoms of lead toxicity can be non-specific. Early diagnosis is crucial because there are significant and permanent effects to almost all body systems with both toxic and below toxic BLL, including neurologic (ranging from developmental delay and behavior problems to encephalopathy), hematologic (anemia), renal (lead nephropathy), gastrointestinal (lead colic), and endocrine (vitamin D deficiency) (Hurwitz & Lee, 2013a). Laboratory evaluation of lead poisoning in children will now be discussed.

Lead poisoning has been a concern for many years. In fact, because of the affects of lead poisoning, there has been an extensive decline in its use. "Many people believe lead poisoning is no longer a threat, yet millions of homes contain lead based paint" (Heck, J., 2005, para. 1). Exposure to lead at any level is unhealthy, especially in infants, children, and pregnant women and continues to be an ongoing dilemma in this country. I read two articles concerning lead poisoning; the first article is from FineTuning, a popular press and the second article is from Pediatrics, a peer-review journal. In this paper, I will clearly summarize each article by comparing the content of both articles. In addition, I will summarize the attention to

The improved screening and treatment of lead poisoning decreased the severity of symptoms usually seen. However, the level of lead in the blood does not establish what symptoms are seen, since lead in blood only establishes current exposure. Recently, studies have shown that a long exposure to low amounts of lead may have severe neurobehavioral effects that are not diagnosed until the child enters school (Singhal et. al., 1980).

When lead enters the human body, it is distributed to the brain, liver, kidney and bones. It is deposited in the teeth and bones where it accumulates over time. Exposure to high levels of lead may cause anemia, kidney and brain damage. Lead exposure can also cause miscarriage and infertility. The effects are even more severe in children. Lead can affect children’s brain development resulting in decreased intelligence quotient (IQ), shortened attention span and increased antisocial behaviour. At high levels of exposure, lead may attack the brain and central nervous system, causing coma. Children who survive severe lead poisoning may continue to suffer mental retardation and behavioural disorders. Furthermore, pregnant woman exposed to lead can

Based solely upon heat transfer properties the 3 materials that were considered were copper, aluminium and zinc alloys. Zinc was immediately discounted due to how easily it undergoes corrosion, which could potentially lead to leaks and system failures. While both metals are quite similar in terms of thermal conductivity, copper is priced at $3.14 AUD per kg while aluminium is priced at $0.94 AUD per kg (Appendix A). However, due to the flimsy nature of aluminium, it is extremely difficult to design a system utilizing aluminium coils to last. It should also be noted that there is a precedence where aluminium coils were used for a time but were extremely difficult to repair and maintain as well as the need for a bulkier housing unit for the system

Because in the data above I concluded that Zn is the most reactive then Fe and the finally Ni I know that Zinc will displace Iron and Iron will displace Ni but Ni will not displace Iron. Because of this if we place one piece of each metal in the solution of Iron(II) nitrate which ever one reacts is the Zinc because the Zinc will be displacing the Iron but since the Ni cant displace Iron no reaction will occur when it is placed into the Iron nitrate.

(The A.A.C.A.P, 2012) Regularly taking the child to the doctor to test their blood levels will help as well. The test will be able to tell if the child’s lead levels are decreasing. (FamilyDoctor.org Editorial Staff, 2010) One way to get a child’s blood lead levels to reduce is by eating a healthy diet, making sure to intake high amounts of iron, calcium, and vitamin C. These types of foods help change the way the body absorbs lead. The doctor may prescribe supplements if there is not a sufficient consumption in their diet. There are some types of medications that help to lower lead levels such as succimer, and a chelating agent which chemically binds lead to make it weaker. When to body is weaker the body can get rid of the lead naturally. (Kids Health, 2015) Although the child is receiving treatments, it does not mean the damage already caused by lead will be undone. So children really need to be protected from being exposed at all. (NIH,

In 2000, WHO assessed the global burden of disease due to a number of risk factors associated with lead. (3)

Lead can cause a harmful effect to humans when ingested or inhaled, especially to children under the age of six. Lead poisoning can cause a number of adverse effects to human’s health, but is particularly harmful to the neurological development of children. Everyone in his live is exposed to widespread distributed lead. People can be exposed to lead by many routes which include: drinking lead contaminated water, dust, paint chips, or soil; eating food that contaminated with lead from either soil or water; inhaling of lead containing particles in air.

A healthy diet is important in preventing childhood lead poisoning. To help reduce the amount of lead a child's body absorbs and stores in the bones, the child must eat nutritious meals. Children need certain nutrients and minerals, especially calcium and iron, to make their bones grow strong. When there is not enough of these minerals in the body, lead is absorbed. Children with diets low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C retain lead more than children whose diets have high amounts of these minerals. Also, children on an empty stomach absorb more lead so make sure your children are eating regularly. Make sure their meals consist of green vegetables, lean meats and fish, milk, cheese and yogurt, and fruits. Avoid foods and snacks high in fat and

There are more than 4 million houses that have children that are being exposed to high levels of lead. Amongst these the number of children between ages 1-5 have blood lead levels > 5 micrograms per deciliter and are around half a million. It has been found out there no blood lead level that is safe in children and can be harmful to the body. This poisoning is a very serious problem but it is still curable. Children can suffer from neurological damage because of which they can have low IQ level and behavioral problems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had recommended for public health actions to be taken on this matter.4

Lead is usually found in the form of minerals where it combines with other elements such as sulphur (PbS), (PbSO4) and oxygen (PbCO3) (Wuana & Okieimen, 2011). The major sources of lead are from coal burning, pesticides, and waste incineration. Lead accumulation in the body may affect the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, kidneys, and even death (Marfo, 2014). Lead also causes impaired development and mental retardation in children. Lead poisoning frequently affects children between one and three years old in the United States and rarely affects adults. According to NORD (2006), statistics showed that in the last 20 years, the number of children with harmful blood lead levels in the United States has fallen 85%. The permissible

This experiment was carried out to understand how Gammarus are exposed to Zinc over a duration of 60minutes. The LC50 was calculated to understand if there is lethal concentration to 50% morality of organisms. In this experiment zinc was used as the toxic product and the organism used was Gammarus. LC50 values were at 45 minutes and 60 minutes. The LC50 value for 45 minutes was 36mg/L and the LC50 value for 60 minutes was 20mg/L.

The observed increased zinc resistance in these laboratory-evolved strains is affirmative to the finding that prior exposure to toxic zinc concentrations could render a selection advantage in the presence of even more toxic concentrations as observed with the 24mM zinc (18). Besides, prior exposure to stress has been shown not only to offer a selection advantage to a once-experienced stress factor but to other stressors as well (62), as several mechanisms are upregulated altering the general metabolism of an organism with possible mutations ensuing. This was observed with the laboratory-evolved strains as they also displayed increased resistance when exposed to high cadmium concentrations (18). Several studies have also reported an association

According to Hou et. al, lead can affect many organs and destroy functions of the nervous system (2013). A person can accumulate lead in their body from the environment, and it tends to stay there. This means that younger children are more vulnerable the longer they are exposed to lead. Children’s blood brain barriers are also not fully developed yet, making them more susceptible to lead poisoning (Hou et al. 2013). It has been observed that lead can impair growth, memory, intelligence, and behavior in these children (Hou et al. 2013). Hou et al, conducted a study to observe the trend between blood lead levels and cognitive development of children (2013). They found that “blood lead levels had an obvious