Zombie banks

Many Eurozone banks hold “periphery” bonds and many analysts are concerned that they do not have sufficient capital to absorb losses on their holdings of sovereign bonds should one or more Eurozone governments default or restructure their debt. The crisis has also triggered capital flight from banks in some Eurozone countries, and some banks are reportedly finding it difficult to borrow in private capital markets, causing some investors to fear a banking crisis in Europe that could have global repercussions.”

In both reinventions, the new changes resulted in a better, modernized Japan. Today in Japan, a reinvention is necessary. There are many struggles with the young generation, the old generation, and catastrophic events which should be addressed. Specifically, the Japanese economy has been experiencing deflation for the past twenty years. In an article, the results of the deflation were described. The authors said, “Because of fewer available jobs and lower

The growth advanced Japan to rank as the 2nd largest economy in the world rivaling the United States. However, this economic growth started slowing in the 1970s and in 1990 real estate and stock prices crashed and “the bubble burst” (Drogus and Orvis 240). Luckily, the government managed to get the economy back up and running in 2003 when Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi reduced regulation, privatized the postal service saving system, and lowered deficit spending.

The shadow banking system can be approximately defined as “the system of credit intermediation that includes objects and activities outside the regular banking system”. Its form is correlated to the way in which the banking sector and the

Debt and Downgrades As the rating agencies: Moody's, S&P, and Fitch continue to downgrade Eurozone debt from France to the PIIGS; the interest costs for government borrowing in Eurozone countries, with Germany excepted, continue to rise, as does the cost for the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), a creation of the European Central Bank to provide liquidity. The Eurozone has been under pressure since the global recovery began in 2009-2010 as investors began to see the troubling signs of government overspending and high GDP ratios across the 17 member group. First to this bond vigilante parade was Greece, a member nation

Policy lessons “What kept Japan down were repeated macroeconomic policy mistakes” (The New York times, 2008). In fact, the Japanese government’s action was not effective regarding the situation of their economy. The use of monetary policy did not only worsen the effect of the liquidity trap but also create a deflationary pressure. On the other hand, their slow cuts in Bank of Japan nominal interest rate and deflation lead to nominal and real interest rate of different levels. Even nominal interest rate at zero, real interest rate has been positive. Fiscal policy was inadequate to increase demand and output but led to deficits and accumulating government debt.

BMAN20340 T Ngoasheng 9179260 Since the global financial crisis of 2007/8 many European countries have been struggling to recover their economies and regain economic stability. Since the crisis we have seen several Eurozone countries go into administration and be bailed out by financial institutions and other countries, however these attempts to regain stability in the Eurozone have not worked as effectively as many governments and central banks had hoped. On the 4th of September 2014 the European Central Bank (ECB) cut its benchmark interest rate to 0.05%. It will also launch an asset purchase programme, which will buy debt products from banks, the asset purchasing programme more commonly known as Quantitative Easing (QE). Using

The economic crisis within the Eurozone has grown rapidly for the past five years, and members of the European Union struggle to enact any effective measures to halt or reverse its effects. Perceived booms in the housing markets were really only bubbles which popped and sent entire national economies spiraling downward into recession. Nations of the Eurozone have accumulated massive public debts, far larger than the 60% of GDP maximum specified in the Stability and Growth Pact. In 2011, Greece’s debt reached an unbelievable 170.3% of its GDP. Economic punishments are the specified consequences for violating this regulation, but the pact has not been adequately or consistently enforced. So many states have fallen past the debt limit that

The European sovereign debt crisis, which made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to repay or re-finance their government debt without the assistance of third parties (Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim, 2012), had already badly hurt the economies in “PIIGS”, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain. This financial contagion continues to spread throughout the euro area, and becomes a dangerous threat not only to European economy, but also to global economy.

Japan saw its nation change in 1990 when the Japanese economy stagnated. Indeed, between 1991 and 2003 the Japanese economy only grew 1.14% (of GDP) every year. This is not enough when compared to other developed countries. (Yuji Horioka, 2006). Alexander, A. J. (2000) states the facts that from the first quarter of 1990 to the first quarter of 2000 the annual increase in real gross domestic product per capita barely exceeded 1 percent, making it very clear that Japan was in a recession. This is all the

The European Debt Crisis and the Expansionary Fiscal Policy The European Sovereign debt crisis describes the era where various European countries were facing a government deficit which affected the Euro zone. There are numerous solutions that have been implemented to try eliminate this problem. One of the major solutions was the austerity fiscal policy which aimed to decrease the government expenditure in order to decrease the government budget deficit. This essay will outline the austerity policy and use the IS-LM curve to show how that was implemented by the Eurozone and the effect had on the Eurozone. This essay will furthermore outline the effect that the policy had and how it had an effect on the economy and the major effects and countries that triggered this crisis. The essay will then evaluate the effect that the monetary policy. This essay will then offer other recommendations on how to decrease the government budget deficit resulting in the economy returning to the natural rate of output.

When the crisis began in the mid-2007 caused by sub-prime bubble, uncertainty among banks about the creditworthiness for their clients and customers deteriorated as they had majorly invested in very complex and overpriced financial products. As a result, the interbank market became volatile and risk premiums on interbank loans increased. Banks faced a serious liquidity problem, as they experienced major difficulties to revolve their short-term debt. At that stage, policymakers still perceived the crisis primarily as a liquidity problem. However, it was widely believed that the European economy would be largely safe to the financial turbulence. The real economy, though slowing, was thriving on strong fundamentals such as rapid export growth

1. Asian Banking Crisis 1997-1998 2. The Dotcom crisis 2001 3. The Financial Crisis 2008 Macroeconomic Analysis: GDP Japan ranks as the third largest economy in the world as of 2010. The GDP at current prices in US dollars in Japan was reported at 5068.06 billion in 2009, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Japan’s resurgence after World War II has however reached an inflection point in yearly 1989 after the burst of Japan’s asset price and real estate bubbles. As can be seen from the graph below, Japan’s GDP has hovered around the same level through more than 20 years of economic stagnation. The GDP’s slow growth has been exacerbated by the world financial crisis of 2008. A major landmark of Japan’s stagnation has been the BOJ’s fight against deflation.

EUROPEAN DEBT CRISIS – ORIGIN, CONSEQUENCES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS F RA N TI Š E K N E M E T H Abstract What is the European debt crisis? As the head of the Bank of England referred to it in October 2011, it is “the most serious financial crisis at least since the 1930s, if not ever.”1 In fact, the European debt crisis is the shorthand term for the region’s struggle to pay the debts it has built up in recent decades. Five of the region’s countries – Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain – have, to varying degrees, failed to generate enough economic growth to make their ability to pay back bondholders the guarantee it’s intended to be. Although these five were seen as being the countries in immediate danger of a possible default,

Background The long-lasting deflation exert a tremendous influence in Japan, the persistent decrease in the level of consumer prices shrunk profits and investments in corporate, wages and consumption in individuals. This leaded to a further price decline. Such vicious cycle has caused the recovery of Japanese economy to