cultural influences on leadership

Using the Hofstede's and 7d cultural dimension model, explain some of the cultural differences noted in the

The rarity of the family name Selover derives in part from its French origins of Seloivre in Calais. When a descendent relocated to Holland the Dutch, simplified, for their ease, the name to Selover. The family of cart wrights eventually had a son, Isaac Selover (b 1642) and he voyaged to New York planting the name in the New World.

This is the degree in which all the tough qualities such as assertiveness and success competition and performance are associated with men in the society. The association of such roles with men as opposed to the soft characteristics such as warm personal relationships softness as well as tenderness is connected with women in the society (Geert-hofstede.com, 2016). Since women roles and men roles differ in different countries, it is definite that this is one of the aspects or dimensions that define the cultural complexity of the different societies. This element measures the concern with possessive values of advancing career goals, salary and respectability as it usually reflects the vanity of masculinity. Masculinity represents quantity while

According to Models2use, Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory is a framework for cross-cultural communication. It describes the effects of a society’s culture on the

Another Hofstede’s dimensions is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI). This dimension measures how the people of a country deal with things they don’t know or risk. Cultures with a high UAI tend to like routines, rules, laws, religion, and beliefs. These countries also have minimal tolerance for outsiders as they are seen as untrustworthy. Some countries that demonstrate this dimension include Saudi Arabia, Japan and Pakistan. Some countries which have a low UAI include Canada, USA, Singapore, and Sweden. These countries tolerate foreigners very well.

This dimension processes the level of importance of culture spaces on belief such as highlighting on human connections as well as stereotypically masculine belief such as confidence, determination, power and greediness. Cultures that are extraordinary on the masculinity scale usually have more conspicuous differences among genders and incline to be more modest and determined. That score less on this dimension have less differences among genders and place advanced value on relationship structure.

“A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap: both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life” (Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 20100).

By 2010 the model was completed after a final two more dimensions were added, named pragmatism and indulgence. The research carried out was conducted by Michael Minkov, who studied modern World Values Survey data taken from population samples nationally. Author Robert R.McCrae supports Hofstede’s dimensions by believing that they ‘represent a well-validated operationalization of differences between cultures as manifested in dominant value systems’ (McCrae, 2004). However, as studied on the Geert Hofstede website, only 6 dimensions are needed and necessary in defining culture attributes, resulting in pragmatism being dropped because of overlapping of meanings with long-term orientation.

There are five Dimensions of Culture that Hofstede mentions in International Business, The Challenge of Global Competition. These include: Individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity and long-term orientation/Confucian dynamism. Understanding these dimensions will assist a U.S.

Masculinity (MAS) versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's values.

The result from the comparison suggests the similarity of two countries reside on Masculinity versus feminity. Both scored high above 60 (see Appendix A for statistics), China and the U.S are the country both favor masculinity, or males dominate matters

Professor Geert Hofstede is a Dutch social psychologist who has extensively studied the interactions between different cultures and their influences in the workplace. His theory is found on the concept that value can be placed on six different cultural dimensions. These dimensions include, power, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, temporal orientation, and indulgence ("Geert Hofstede and cultural dimensions theory," 2011). His data was gathered through surveys carried out by his former employer International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). With his data, he projected a scoring system from one to one hundred and twenty which scores countries based on the dimensions from his

The model of six dimensions of national culture, one of the most powerful studies to describe cultural differences, is the result of the detailed research by Geert Hofstede and Geert Jan Hofstede between 1967 and 1973. By measuring the six dimensions on a scale from 0 to 100 the model helps to differentiate cultures as well as explaining work-related values. Hofstede identified the following six dimensions including the Power distance index (PDI), Individualism (IDV), Masculinity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Long term orientation versus Short term normative orienta-tion (LTO), Indulgence versus Restraint (IND) which will be analyzed now. (Griffin & Pustay 2015 p.127); (de Mooij 2010, pp.74-75); (Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov 2010 pp. 55-296)

Masculinity values are those who are determined, fierceness, performance, and the acquisition of money and material objects. Whereas for femininity values are focus on quality of life, maintaining personal relationship, and care for the weak and the environment are emphasized (Rees & Edwards, 2011). In Hofstede et al. (2010), masculinity are high in Japan, German, Italy, and Mexico. According to Hofstede 's analysis, if you were to open an office in Japan, you might have greater success if you appointed a male employee to lead the team and had a strong male contingent on the team. In country like Sweden, there are more to feminine side. They will focus a group which can balance in terms of skills rather than gender significance.

Culture can be interpreted as a set of ideas with purpose to design living standards. It is an arrangement of intellectual abilities that governs a person’s behaviour, beliefs, values, language, and more (Weber, 1978). This allows distinguishability between people with different norms. For a developed understanding of the various aspects, Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede has formulated a theory on cultural dimensions. Through this tool, Hofstede explains how culture affects values. Furthermore, Hofstede relates these values to behaviour. For his study, the