exercise 36 Essay

1. The researchers found a significant difference between the two groups (control and treatment) for change in mobility of the women with osteoarthritis (OA) over 12 weeks with the results of F(1, 22) = 9.619, p = 0.005. Discuss each aspect of these results.

·  Based on your review of the statistics in the study, do you agree with the study’s conclusions? Why or why not?

5. Zwakhalen, S., Hof, C., & Hamers, J. (2012). Systematic pain assessment using an observational scale in nursing home residents with dementia: exploring feasibility and applied interventions. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(21/22), 3009-3017. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04313.x

There is a risk for a type 1 error in this study because of the multiple comparisons in this study.

Second, the research design can be changed to address the limitations. Instead of a Retrospective, cross-sectional case study, a longitudinal study can be used. If the longitudinal study was used, then direct-measurements could be used to collect data rather than self-report surveys.

Definition: In longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older (Berk 35). It is one of the observational and correlational study which repeatedly study the same variables over long time, usually for many years. In this study method, researcher do not make any change in environment.

I think researchers have showed evidence that justify the need for further studies of the effectiveness of the GI with PVR reducing pain and mobility difficulties in women with OA, given the results of the study, which revealed significant difference between

A study conducted by Deyle et al.7 took 83 patients approximately 60 years old with osteoarthritis in the knee and split them into a treatment group and control group. The treatment group received manual physical therapy, which consisted of stretching, ROM, and strengthening exercises, while the placebo group was given a non-therapeutic amount of ultrasound. Participants were required to attend physical therapy appointments twice a week for four weeks. Data was collected at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks using a six-minute walk test, and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) as outcome measures. Participants in the treatment group saw both clinical and significant differences in their WOMAC scores and the six-minute walk test at the eight-week time period. This study demonstrates that participating in physical therapy can help manage OA symptoms in the knee.7 Another study conducted by Palmer et al.11 looked at the intervention of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to see if it relieved symptoms of knee OA. Even though the main purpose of this study was looking at the TENS therapy, the control group was given a six- week physical therapy exercise program. The study also used the WOMAC scale and the control group actually showed improvements .11 The knee group had 41.6% of its participants reaching

The prevalence of OA is expected to increase in the coming years as risk factors, such as aging, population and obesity become more prevalent (Galvin et al., 2013). It accounts for clinical and economic burden as a result of reduced quality of life, increased use of health care resources and loss of productivity (Galvin et al., 2013). According to Laba (2013), currently there is no known cure for OA, nor are there effective interventions to slow disease progression. A physical therapist should be equipped with enough knowledge about the pathology and management of the disease, so that he can help elderly population manage the symptoms.

This study was limited due to the small sample size. Although the conclusions are valid, more research with a

Primary measure (DV): Pain medication levels were adjusted according to patient pain reports, this making it the primary measure. However VAS was used to assess patients’ worse pain (during wound debridement procedures). Ratings also contributed (participants were asked to rate how effective they had thought the hypnosis had been in managing or controlling their pain).

Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of muscle pain and disability and is most common in adults over 65 (Brakke, Singh, Sullivan 2012). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis affecting over 12.4 million people over the age of 65. Brakke, Singh, and Sullivan (2012) explain that as those who have this diagnosis is usually treated with physical therapy to decrease pain and disability. Different modalities used including strength training, electrical stimulation, manual therapy, and aquatic therapy are used by therapists to increase physical function, physical activity levels, quality of life, and muscle strength (Brakke, Singh, Sullivan 2012).

a. The study was conducted in accordance with the ‘Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects’ in the 1989 Declaration of Helsinki.

The first article discussed in this review comes from authors Cheing and Hui-Chan (2002) who posed the research question: Does four weeks of TENS and/or isometric exercise produce cumulative reduction of osteoarthritic knee pain(5)? This study was completed because previous studies had a lack of control, were lacking statistical power and were not run in a scientific manner. Previous literature concerning TENS on knee osteoarthritis only recorded outcomes at the end of the treatment period(5). Previous literature was not controlled by experimenters, patients would apply the treatment at home, meaning that there would be inconsistencies in electrode placement, duration of the treatment and the treatment would not be reliable while

List et al., in a case-control study (35) (level of evidence 3) found that 83% of a sample of 46 patients had pain onset