horizontal gel electrophoresis platform and covered with pH > 12 alkaline solution for 20 min

The experiment aimed to determine the effectiveness of differential centrifugation and tissue homogenisation methods of separating and purifying subcellular organelles from liver tissue. Effectiveness was determined by assaying for the activity of marker enzymes specific to organelles in each fraction and calculating the specific activities and percentage distribution of each enzyme in each fraction (Watson, 2016).

The purpose of this experiment was to extract and purify LDH enzyme from chicken muscle tissue using a variety of techniques including homogenization, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and affinity chromatography. Activity and Protein assay were used to track the overall amount of LDH present in the samples.

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical compound formed to provide the body with energy. The molecule is made up of 1 adenosine molecule and 3 phosphate molecules which can be seen as; (A + P + P + P = ATP). The body obtains ATP from carbohydrates, fats and proteins and only small amounts of ATP can be stored in muscle cells, for about 10 seconds only. It only takes the body around 3 minutes to fully restore its ATP supply.

ATP-PC - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the usable form of chemical energy for muscular activity. It is stored in most cells, particularly in muscle cells. Other forms of chemical energy, such as that available from the foods we eat, must be transferred into ATP form before they can be utilized by the muscle cells.

b)What stain might you use to determine whether certain cells had been structurally altered rather than destroyed (e.g. changes in dendritic number, length, etc.)?

The characteristics of ATP make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.

diH20 acted as a negative control in the experiment, all cells, both in intrafollicular zone and in interfollicular zone stained purple. Cells stained brown in the negative control indicate non-specific staining.

Toxicity assay in cortical neurons: We next assessed neuronal viability using the uptake of the fluorescent exclusion dye Propidium Iodide (PI) and Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA), which is a cell permeable esterase substrate. This method is based on the fact that PI is permeable to cells only when there is damage to the cell membrane while FDA is a fluorescein molecule with two acetate groups attached via ester bonds. FDA passes the plasma membrane and live cells then cleaves the acetate groups resulting in a photostable fluorescein molecule that remains in the cell. PI and FDA were purchased in powder form (from Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and 1mM stock solution in HBSS for PI and 24mM for FDA in acetone were prepared for the assay. At DIV 8, mouse cortical cultured neurons (2.5X104cells /well) were treated with different concentrations of compounds along with vehicle (control) for 1 hour followed by cell viability stain. Cells were treated with a 100μM working concentration of PI for 10 minutes and then 12μM FDA was added. After 1 minute incubation images were captured using an IN CELL Analyzer 6000 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences), through a Nikon20X objective. During acquisition, the laser focus was auto adjusted for high contrast image capture. The number of PI positive cells corresponding to the total number of cells was calculated and data are represented in terms of percentage change in viability with respect to control. Our results shown in Figure XX suggest that these

(Bokhari et al., 2007). Trypsin/EDTA solutions were used to obtain suspensions of HepG2 from confluent cultures and cell concentrations were determined by using a hemocytometer (Hoffman, 2010). The possible results indicate that as the concentration of staurosporine and methotrexate are raised, so are the amount of LDH that are found in the RFU

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of tonicity on a cell membrane using red blood cells, potato strips and three unknown solutions (A, B, C). First three slides were prepared containing RBC’s and unknown solutions A, B and C. A control slide was prepared only using RBC’s. After observing each slide under the microscope it was determined that unknown solution A was hypertonic because the RBC appeared to have shrunk. The RBC in unknown solution B appeared to be swollen, therefor, the tonicity of unknown solution B was hypotonic. Unknown solution C showed no change to the RBC shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonicity

Cell Culture Contamination is a major problem in the field of scientific research as it obstructs the progression of science greatly. It is the one of the most common problem every researchers have encountered at least once in their lifetime. Cell culture contamination is the very simple process of cell cultures becoming infected with foreign unwanted substances. And these foreign invading substances varies from shapes and sizes to their molecular properties due to the fact that they do not come from a single family of contaminants. Cell cultures often face contamination from chemicals used in laboratories. They however also face contamination from living microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, mold, etc found in the air and from other cell

µg ?mL propidium iodide (PI) (Molecular Probes, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 50 µg ?mL RNase (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) at 37 ºC for 10 min. After washing with PBS twice, the glass slides were mounted by adding 10 µL of a 50 % glycerol-PBS (v ? v) solution and covered with a glass coverslip. The slides were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (TCS NT; Leica, Mannheim, Germany). 2.8. In vitro growth inhibition assay for B.

To enable recombinational cloning and efficient selection of entry or expression clones, most Gateway® vectors contain two att sites flanking a cassette containing:

Rapid progresses have been made in the last few years considering the importance of genotoxicity (or genotoxic toxicity). This also help to represent many disciplines those days viz, genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular and structural biology, epidemiology and toxicology through multiple model systems, experimental approaches and technical disciplines. Further the genetic damages lead to the dysfunctions in the normal processes of cellular metabolism (replication, transcription, cell cycle regulation and cell death). This widens the horizons of genetic toxicology.