##hosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate As An Essential Signaling Phospholixy

Malaria is a vector borne infectious disease which contains 5 subspecies, of which Plasmodium ovale is the most likely culprit in this case study. The species of malaria can be distinguished between by thin blood films and analysing haematological abnormalities present, such as in plasmodium falciparum infection no change occurs to erythrocyte shape and size whereas in P. ovale infection erythrocytes are usually slightly enlarged, frequently an oval shape and often have fimbriated edges (Moore, Knight and Blann, 2016).

Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes infected with parasitic protozoans(group of single-celled microorganism and belong to the Plasmodium genus)

as catalytic role (Stassen et al., 1995; Laible et al., 1997). Moreover, these proteins share a similar

The LP is activated in an antibody-independent manner. When the recognition molecule binds directly to certain patterns of carbohydrate moieties found on the pathogenic cell surface (PAMPS) (Sørensen, Rikke 2005), MASP2 is autoactivated and cleaves C4 (Gál,Péter 2009 )(Merle, Nicolas S 2015).As a result, the proteolytic cascade is initiated to form the C3 convertase (C4b2b), followed by C5 convertase and terminated by MAC formation.

The crystal structure of enzyme Plasmodium falciparum enzyme farnesyltransferase was not found available in Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive, therefore the structure was built using homology modeling method. In order to predict the structure of enzyme (PfFT), the sequence of enzyme IDs PF3D7_1242600 [alpha- subunit] and PF3D7_1147500 [beta subunit] were obtained from the web services (www.gene db.org), protein sequence data bank in swiss prot or uniprock KB (Q8IHP6), NCBI (AAW78025). The only sequence of the active site (beta-subunit) was taken for homology modeling. Phyre2 V 2.0 at server available online (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index). The X-ray crystallographic structure of farnesyltransferase from aspergillus fumigatus protein

PIP2 plasma membrane component, localized to the inner leaflet of the phospholipid bi-layer. A number of these second messengers are derived from phosphatidylinositol (PI). The inositol group in this phospholipid, which extends into the cytosol adjacent to the membrane, can be reversibly phosphorylated at several positions by the combined actions of various kinases and phosphatases. These reactions yield several different membrane-bound phosphoinositides Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also known as triphosphoinositol or IP3). IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cell. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C

Cell membranes of eukaryotes are complex structures, comprised of a highly regulated heterologous distribution of lipids and proteins (Hanada, 2010). This distribution is determined to some extent by the location and topology of lipid synthases, and results from the trafficking of proteins and lipids (Hanada, 2010). Within the cell, transport vesicles and tubules mediate trafficking by loading desired sets of proteins at one organelle and delivering them to the subsequent (Hanada, 2010; Kumagai et al., 2005). Lipid influx routes such as the endocytosis of membrane lipids add further to the diversity (Hanada, 2010). The result is an asymmetric distribution of protein and lipid types across the membrane bilayer (Hanada, 2010).

phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) by directly binding at three sites before forming covalent adducts.1 These

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are monooxygenase proteins that catalyze the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous substrates. CYPs function as enzymes and are found in all kingdoms of life. The P in P450 refers to pigment and 450nm refers to the wavelength of CYPs in solution exposed to carbon monoxide (CO). CYPs belong to the superfamily of proteins containing a heme (iron) cofactor active site. The heme active site is tethered to the CYP protein via thiolate ligand derived from a cysteine residue.The cysteine and accompanying residues in the C-terminal are highly conserved and contain the PROSITE consensus sequence [FW] - [SGNH] - x - [GD] - {F} - [RKHPT] - {P} - C - [LIVMFAP] - [GAD] [2-8]. The heme is used to oxidize

When an oligosaccharide chain links to a lipids of a suitable amino acid side chain in proteins, they usually present as glycans, by N- or O-glyosidic bonds. N-linked oligosaccharides are always pentasaccharides attached to asparagine via a beta linkage to the amine nitrogen of the side chain. Alternately, oligosaccharides that are O-linked are commonly attached to threonine or serine on the alcohol group of the side chain. Not all-natural oligosaccharides occur as components of glycoproteins or

membrane proteins need aid found On Different positions inside the membrane, through particular associations with phospholipid particles These proteins comprise for 3 fundamental groups:.. essential analytics proteins, outer-surface proteins Also inner-surface proteins They assume dissimilar parts clinched alongside cell division exercises. .

Malaria is a fever based disease caused by a microscopic parasite that is carried by a vector mosquito. An estimated 247 million cases of malaria occur annually and result in about 1-3 million deaths per year, majority of which are children under the age of 5 (1). In 2010, Malaria caused an estimated 219 (range 154–289) million cases and 660 000 (range 490 000–836 000) deaths of which 80% of the cases and 90% of the deaths were from Africa while the rest were in the South-East Asia and Eastern Mediterranean Regions (2). Plasmodium which is the disease causing organism (DCO) is a genus of a parasitic protozoon in the phylum apicomplexa. This parasite has 2 hosts; a mosquito vector, which is also its definitive host and a vertebrate host, in this case a human which is their intermediate host. Five species of Plasmodium cause malaria in humans: P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. falciparum, and the zoonotic monkey malaria parasite P. knowlesi. Of these, P. falciparum causes severe morbidity and mortality mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (2). The plasmodium parasite is transmitted by a female

The fluorescence of RepA70-YFP increased as more RepA70-CFP was produced (Fig. 3C), and this indicated that ClpAP protease could be overloaded and a proteolytic-queue forms similar to what was observed with the LAA tagged proteins targeted to ClpXP8. We also tested two other tags, MarA and MarAn20 (20 amino acids from the N-terminal of MarA), which target proteins to be degraded by the Lon protease. The Lon protease was weakly overloaded by MarA tagged proteins but was overloaded more by MarAn20 tagged proteins (Fig. 3C-D). This made us wonder if Lon could be overloaded when both MarA and MarAn20 were co-produced. Indeed, this was the case (Fig. 3E).

Feasibility of computer-aided identification of the Plasmodium berghei parasite in the liver stage life cycle and the classification of the parasite phenotype

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