Internal Combustion Engines for the Future
Horst Schulte, Martin Wirth
Ford Motor Company
ABSTRACT
Future internal combustion engines for light duty applications will have to cope with a very complex set of customer, legal and business requirements. Customers are expecting further improvements in durability, reliability, drivability, fuel economy, and cost of ownership. Legal requirements are focused on significant emission and fuel consumption reductions. Additional manufacturing cost reductions will be essential to maintain, or better grow the business in a very competitive environment.
The challenge for the diesel engine will be to meet the future emission standards at affordable cost, while maintaining its fuel economy advantages.
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Customers are very focused on total cost of ownership, which is determined by such factors as price, resale value, fuel consumption
(and fuel price), maintenance cost, as well as reliability and durability. At the same time, customer expectations regarding "fun to drive" are still increasing. This translates into a continuation of the "power and torque race" to further improve vehicle performance and drivability (Figure 2).
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Figure 2: Development of Specific Power of Gasoline and Diesel Engines
Advanced boosting technologies will play a major role to further increase specific power and torque. In this context, turbocharging will maintain it's dominant role.
In addition to performance improvements, at steadily rising fuel prices, customers are expecting further improvements in fuel economy and comfort (NVH) in bigger (heavier) vehicles with more features and equipment. Another set of conflicting boundary conditions for the reduction of the fuel
In 2002 a joint project between International Navistar and the Ford Motor Company was born. “The goal of this project was to create an engine that was fuel efficient, emission compliant and would be able to outperform all of the competition” (Banks Power). With over 2 million ford super duty’s equipped with the 7.3l Powerstroke engine on the road, the new engine would have big shoes to fill. The engine that was to replace the outdated, underpowered and overall inadequate 7.3l Powerstroke was the International Navistar 6.0l turbo diesel.
• A situation where a reduction in production will result in less overhead allocated to the respective product
In addition, consumer must be aware that there are better alternatives to hybrids on market. Thanks to advancing technology, many petro powered and diesel powered vehicle get similar EPA fuel economy on highway. From German automotive manufacture, they have developed Clean Diesel such as Blue Tec from Mercedes-Benz and TDI from Volkswagen which
After many years of trial and error, a combination of inventors and engineers developed a practical, effective internal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment.
operating costs. This could most effectively be accomplished in two ways. First, through a reduction in flying
2. “ Because of their efficiency and durability, diesel engines have become the standard in powering trucks and buses. Other heavy vehicles and mobile equipment, including bulldozers and cranes, are also powered by diesel engines, as are many commercial boats, and some passenger cars and trucks. Diesel technicians handle many kinds of repairs. They may work on a vehicle’s electrical system, make major engine repairs, or retrofit exhaust systems with emission control systems to comply with pollution regulations. Diesel engine maintenance and repair is becoming more complex as engines and other components use more electronic systems to control their operation. For example, fuel injection and engine timing systems rely
found out that despite this cost reduction in material cost, the costs of producing the low -end units for
B. Domestic and foreign automotive manufactures have collaborated on developing these systems and the EPA has invested millions of dollars into the research and development to make diesel engines run clean and efficient.
Fuel efficiency in automobiles has become a topic of much discussion in recent years in the United States. This is due largely to the environmental devastation that fuel emissions cause, but it is also sparked by the rising fuel costs. Making cars with high fuel efficiency not only saves consumers money, but also will drastically reduce the pollution that is caused by emissions. Today automakers are putting a tremendous amount of effort into making their cars more fuel efficient, both to meet government regulations and to make their car more appealing to the consumer.
Conformance to laws and regulations (including frequency of operation, hazardous materials, disposal/recycling regulations and airworthiness regulations).
Similarly government regulations in the United States and Europe are tightening up, consequently requiring cars to be cleaner and more fuel efficient. As a result, the collaboration with BMW is paramount to getting the most fuel efficient vehicles to the market in a timely manner so that GM can harvest a substantial profit. (3) In addition General Motors is working on the next generation of fuel efficient and gasoline free vehicles to help reduce the impact of the vehicle on the environment, while preserving personal mobility, which further indicates its commitment to innovation. (6)
Environmental concerns have been raised from time to time because of the dependency on the gasoline-fueled engine as the chief auto powertrain technology. This has resulted in exposing many automobile users to unpredictable prices of fuel. These issues were, however, the reason for
Electric cars are becoming very popular in today’s world and are becoming more main stream. One reason for this is the need for automobiles that have a lower or a zero carbon footprint. For the majority of the history of the automobile, the propulsion system was a gas or a diesel engine that would run off of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels is very hazardous to our world and also creates much toxic pollution. However, electric cars run off of electricity, which is a very clean and pollution free resource, depending on how the electricity was produced of course. In this paper we are going to examine the history of electric cars, look into modern electric car technology, and peer into the future of electric car technology to see if EVs might be the answer to dramatically reducing our global pollution.
The world we live in is surrounded by diesel engines. They are on the freeways, railways, airways, and are one of the leading electricity producers in the world. They are also becoming more popular in automobiles. These engines are efficient and reliable and they are getting very sophisticated. However, the physics behind these engines has not changed.
That covers the basic function of an engine fron intake to exhaust. Next we will explore the relationship of Horsepower vs Torque.