language learning Essay

• Should Africa be wary of China’s continued investment across the continent? Who stands to benefit from this arrangement, and who stands to suffer?

It is this that has sparked China’s vulnerability to external shocks. In 2011, China’s exports amassed almost $2 trillion, however in Feb 2012, China recorded a $31.5 billion trade deficit as a result of the European sovereign debt crisis in which China’s main trading partners plunged into recession. China’s severe BOGS decrease is an attempt to control growth and a sustained level of 7.5%. Investment policies are also critical for China to achieve economic growth and development. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China is being sought primarily in the redesign of State Owned Enterprises (SOE’s) and in the development of interior provinces. Between 75-80% of World Bank loans to China in 2008 were directed to the central and western regions, the most economically disadvantaged. This promotes increased wealth within China, leading to higher levels of development due to a more positive Human Development Index (HDI), which currently sits at 0.687, up from 0.677 in 2010. Thus, trade and investment are critical factors in ensuring that China’s growth remains sustained at 7.5% whilst still encouraging increases in development.

It is no longer appropriate to say, “China is quickly emerging as a global superpower.” The fact is China is just that. Realizing this the United States of America has attempted to once again turn its focus eastward. Continuing problems at home and in the Middle East however have made doing so difficult. Additionally more and more frequently attempts at influencing the ongoing narrative in the Asia- Pacific region have been rebuffed. Even allies have found strength in the emergence of a system that fails to conform to previously prescribed methods and ideals. This leads to a fundamental question America must answer quickly. Has the growing hypocrisy of idealistic political rhetoric versus actual foreign policy finally undermined American credibility with developing nations, or for the purposes of this paper more specifically China? The answer is yes.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cold War was over, making the U.S. the only superpower left in the world. This has made the international system much more tranquil, and relaxed. The only country potentially powerful besides the U.S., is China. Many Americans fear China, not only because they are communist, but also because of their huge population. Their population is 1.3 billion people, which accounts 1/5th of the world’s population. As one of the only potential superpowers in the world, it would be in the best interest of all Americans if the U.S. and China became allies, instead of enemies. Peace and development, economic prosperity and social progress, are goals that both of

China’s history continues to shape its contemporary thinking, foreign policy and diplomacy with the West. In order to understand China’s politics and its civilization in general, it is important to look into its history and its traditional philosophy. This book examined many key events in Chinese foreign policy from the classical era to the present day, with an emphasis on the decades after the rise of Mao Zedong. The Chinese’s response and its approach to diplomacy and foreign policy were seen

In 1999, trade between China and Latin America totaled approximately $8 billion; by 2009, that number had had grown to $130 billion. Earlier this year, a study by the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) concluded that by the year 2016, trade between China and Latin America will surpass that between the Eurozone and Latin America, making China Latin America’s second largest trading partner. Most studies of this partnership have focused on: a growing security dilemma, a monumental language barrier, sea disputes, a red scare (the fear that China will spread communism), and Africa–China relations (where China is often referred to as a new imperialist). This paper will explore the motivations and strategies that are shaping China’s engagements in Latin America. I will focus, first, on China’s resource extraction strategies in Latin America and, second, the implications of these strategies for the two regions. The paper will argue that China’s goal in Latin America is first and foremost, to secure sufficient resources to meet the needs of its population and to secure its continuing economic growth, and look at considerable strategies China has to achieve this. It is also clear that China is using its economic, political, and military power to influence other developing countries, especially on sensitive issues like Taiwanese independence. Lastly, both Latin America and China seek to benefit from their relationship, and it is likely

The relations between China and the United States have considerably evolved since the end of the two Wars, and especially since 1978, when Deng Xiaoping gained a de facto leading position in China, taking the country out of isolation and introducing it to modernity and globalization. Since then, China and the United States have undergone through periods of antagonism and collaboration. After a long era in which the US dominated the international system as a hegemonic power, China started to rise and to gain more and more importance and influence, especially in the global economy. According to the International Monetary Fund, the US is still the country with the highest level of GDP, followed by the European Union and China. However, the facts that China is as the second largest economy in the world, as the World Bank’s estimation demonstrates, and that it is the main actor in East Asia, are all sources of alarm for the US, which assists to its hegemony being compromised by China’s rise. In particular, the US is very much engaged in trying to prevent and delay the ascendance of the Chinese power in the international system, which has seen China getting involved in new global challenges – climate change, international security, protection of human rights, etc. – and has caused the emergence of new issues such as the South China Sea dispute or the contrast between the TPP and OBOR initiative, as well as cooperative agreements between the two super powers, such as the expansion

The article, “China’s Infrastructure Play: Why Washington Should Accept the New Silk Road” by Gal Luft presents the idea of why the United States should actively engage China and its international infrastructure plans. The author appears to be aware of China’s real objectives, stating that the projects are designed “to save China from the economic decline…”, however, the author assumes that the Chinese will be open to sharing their golden opportunity with the United States, and consider it a favor. Furthermore, the author offers evidence that depicts China’s foreign involvement in the areas where infrastructure projects will be built. Nevertheless, Luft does not explain this connection, but the average reader can deduct that China’s entanglements in the region represent more than just economic interests. The military and political activities undertaken by China signal the country’s desire to expand its current strategic advantage worldwide.

A brief Economic Trade history by the two nations forms the basis of understanding the major milestones. The first decade that is between 1970 to 1980 was a period that instigated institution building that saw the lift of certain barns and barriers of trade. These allowed the flow of technology, goods and people between the two nations. This was the period when the congress passed the trade agreement that conferred the contigent Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status on the Chinese Nation that is on 24th January 1980 (DoS). The figures rose from US Dolars 991.7 Million (1971) to US Dollars 2.3 Billion in 1979 (USSB).

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become more integrated and willing to cooperate within the global political and economic systems than ever in its history. However, there is growing apprehension in the Asia-Pacific region and the U.S. in regards to the consequences of rising in economic and military power in China. Descriptions about Chinese diplomacy in the policy and scholarly are less positive lately concerning China’s obedience to regional and international rules. There was little debate in the U.S. and elsewhere in regards to whether China was or was not part “the international community.” Scholars and experts in the early 1990s have contended

In today’s world, China dominates the news outlets every day. The world’s most populous country is now the number one economic superpower according to the International Monetary Fund’s rankings. China has shown no indication of slowing down, pursuing projects all over the globe especially in developing countries in Africa. Late arrival to the neo colonialist games has definitely not deterred their lofty aspirations. China’s reemergence as a global superpower is a throwback to the period before the Industrial Revolution when they contributed close to 30% of the entire world’s GDP. It is staggering how China has been able to reverse the United States and Europe’s global economic stronghold. Hence, this paper analyzes Chinese economic reform

China’s strategy of rising great power was considered a peaceful rise or a peaceful development and in order for the china to continue benefiting from world globalization with without the free riding theory, is to emphasizing to its neighbor’s through actions that the country is a responsible and cooperative member of the international community, and enhancing their relations with the world’s leading states. These efforts involve that China can develop multilateral policies instead of unilateral ones. Therefore, they can develop good relations with other states and proving that there are advantages in dealing with them. As China becomes more powerful and fully arrived on its great power, this will certainly create new challenges since more power creates more opportunities to influence.

Currently, China remains the world 's second largest economy. However, the Chinese economy in the two phases of communism (Mao and Deng) differs as to its position facing the foreign market, its economic plans and the socio-economic characteristics of the population. The first phase, which under the rule of Mao Tse-Tung, was characterized by China’s isolation from the Western - being in trade and political relations; by a predominantly rural and impoverished population; the existence of a centralized economic planning; by the government control of the means of production; and the adoption of plans which, in turn, emphasized the development of basic sectors of economic activity, such as mining, steel, oil, and agriculture (Lam et al., 2015). It was clear that if China wanted to experience real economic growth, major reforms would need to take place in order to achieve such milestone. In that sense, China should consider easing its acceptance of international investors, which would broaden international business possibilities, increase income for their small businesses, and increase inbound investments.

While relations with China are not in themselves a recent phenomenon, the extensive amount of trade that the two partake in is. Actually, the affiliation between China and Africa stretches back centuries. Some scholars try to establish the starting point based on “the discovery of ancient Chinese ceramics on the east coast of Africa, or to the trading ties begun under the Song dynasty” (Raine 13). Trying to trace ties back this far is important in increasing a sense of loyalty. After all, people tend to have stronger feelings of fidelity towards someone they have known for years, as compared to someone they have just met. Another frequently cited encounter is when the Chinese explorer Zheng He “reached the east coast of Africa where…Zheng came, saw and never conquered…[leaving only a legacy] of trade, stimulating a local market for Chinese silk and porcelain” (Raine 13). This incident is important in further establishing solidarity between the two nations. China refers to this history to prove “it has interacted commercially without further agenda and without detriment to Africa” (Raine 14). It uses this point to relate to Africa – they are both Third World nations that have faced oppression from the First World, and therefore need to stick together.

A number of sources have reveals that China has apparently become a key economic partner to Angola. The country has been described as being one of the key recipients of Chinese investments on the continent. Angolan and Chinese political and economic ties expanded during the late 1980 after the signing of the first trade agreement between the two countries in 1984. Since then, the bilateral trade between Angola and China has considerably expanded exceeding $ 120 billion by 2010. In spite of the poor relationship between the MPLA and the