##ne Nannoflakes And The Properties Of Vertical Graphene Nannosheets

Nano-composite plastics and carbon nanotubes have been utilized for industrial and consumer packaging, the later offering an improved packaging solution for electronics components by making the materials used lighter and stronger. Nano-porous silica is a high porous, low-density solid material that supports various temperatures making it a great insulation product that can be applied in a wide range of fields from pipe insulation to refrigerators and even microelectronics. Nanoparticle based colloids are employed in the manufacturing of sunscreens, paints, and printer inks and nano-coatings can be applied in order to obtain scratch resistant surfaces. Composite nano-materials can be considered the basis for all the other current and future commercial applications of nanotechnology.

Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characterization is a non-destructive technique which determines the charge distribution and identifies the presence of interface states in semiconductors when the applied biasing voltage participates in the carrier capture and emission at interface traps [14,15]. Such traps are charged leading to the production of a dipole layer at the interface. Small modulation in the AC bias will change the barrier height, and the position of the Fermi level will shift relative to its equilibrium position. Thus, the characteristics of the device will be changed [15,16].

The term graphene should be used only when the reactions, structural relations or other properties of individual layers are discussed.”

This phenomenon is a result of the separation of carbon from the metal carbide, which occurs at a high rate upon cooling, in Ni grains and occurs heterogeneously at the various grain boundaries. Thus, carbon can precipitate out of the grain boundaries, resulting in greater thickness of graphene at the edges of a layer. However, extremely high quality uniform monolayers of graphene have been deposited using polycrystalline copper foils, on diameters of up to 76 cm2,10. Raman analysis shows that copper foils treated at atmospheric pressure, show up to 95% monolayer coverage, with 5% bi-layer or tri-layer graphene10. These values are not related to the growth time or the rate of heating and cooling. In addition, copper foils are relatively cost-efficient and are etched simply with solvents that are readily available. Chemically etching the transition metal is the best method to transfer graphene deposited on the substrate, resulting in free floating graphene membranes.

Various types of nanowires have been fabricated using different methods, including evaporation [16], laser ablation [17], chemical vapor deposition (CVD),

Graphene is a recently isolated allotrope of carbon, consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged into an inter-connected benzene-ring structure (Figure 1).1 Resembling a hexagonal honeycomb lattice or a chain-link fence in structure, graphene is only one atom thick and is thus considered a two-dimensional material.1 It is currently touted as the thinnest, strongest, lightest, most flexible and best conducting material known to science.2 Although some of this is based on theoretical data (extrapolated from real samples with inevitable intrinsic defects compared to a perfect sample), these notable qualities drive graphene research at a relentless pace and imply applications that could revolutionize computer electronics and future

During the formation of NCs, SC-CNCs formed a 3-D sheet or network-like structure upon which AgNPs bind through strong ion-dipole interactions of Ag+ with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of SC-CNCs leading to stabilization of AgNPs (Wu et al., 2014). CNCs acted as a template for the synthesis of in situ formed AgNPs (Muthulakshmi et al., 2017). Patterns of SAED demonstrated the presence of concentric diffraction rings as bright spots that correspond to different crystal planes, thus, revealed the polycrystalline nature of NCs (Fig. 6.5b). TEM-EDX spectra showed the large peaks of elemental Ag further confirming the existence of AgNPs on SC-CNCs (Fig. 6.5c). The microscopic images illustrated the role of SC-CNCs as a supporting matrix and

Another promising method for exfoliation of TMD nanosheets is the liquid-phase preparations. This allows the creation of hybrid and composites by combining different materials and coatings by spray coating or doctor blading. In the past, liquid based graphene has been used to make high frequency electronics and hence solution-based TMDs are expected to have similarly good applications in flexible electronics and composite materials. TMDs can also be exfoliated using ultra-sonication in liquids such as organic solvents or solutions of polymer to mention a few. Ultra-sonication results in exfoliation that

The first ever recorded history of graphene occurred in 1859 where Benjamin Brodie mixed graphite with strong acids (Geim, 2012). He thought that he found a new allotrope (structure) of carbon. However, we now know that instead of finding a new allotrope of carbon, he found graphene oxide (Geim). In 1962, German chemist Hanns-Peter Boehm picked up where Brodie left off and produced a residue of graphene oxide which is now known as graphene. They then introduced the term ‘graphene’ for the first time in history. He gave the name graphene based on the combination of graphite, its raw material, and the suffix -ene to signify its aromatic hydrocarbon characteristics (Geim). However, it was Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov who made a big hit through their paper in graphene. These scientists from Manchester University discovered graphene through an unorthodox method. In the book “Graphene: Fundamentals and emergent applications,” Jamie H. Warner (2012) stated that how these scientists used a scotch tape to discover graphene. They started off with graphite of a pencil, and started removing layers after layers until they were left with a single layer of graphite called graphene. For their ingenious yet simple technique, they were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for their “groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene” (Warner).

Flexible nanodielectric materials with a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss have immense potential applications in the modern electronic and electric industry. The use of high aspect ratio fillers is a promising route for achieving high dielectric constant and low loss materials at a low filler volume fraction. However, the poor filler/matrix interfacial adhesion always imposes difficulties in suppressing the dielectric loss of the composites, thus significantly limiting the potential of high aspect ratio fillers in enhancing the dielectric constant of polymer composites. In this study, cable-like structured Ag@C-nanowires with high aspect ratio (>600) were prepared by a facile and environmentally friendly approach. Because

Chemical synthesis of nanomaterials for drug delivery most commonly involves the synthesis of nanometal compounds, polymer nanocomposites and quantum dots. The original synthesis techniques for these nanomedicine applications involve toxic reagents and waste products. Green chemistry initiatives are attempting to produce nanometals, composites and quantum dots without the toxicity and waste associated with early methods.

Structural defects which are inevitable during the production, chemical and heat treatment processes can affect the mechanical properties of graphene and also defects can be deliberately introduced in graphene by ion beam irradiation to get required properties for specific applications. So, understanding the effect of defects on mechanical properties and failure behaviours of a graphene sheet is important for its applications. In this work, the effects of linear and angular orientation of different types of Stone-Thrower-Wales (STW-1 and STW-2) defects on the mechanical properties and failure behaviour of graphene membrane have been investigated in the frame of molecular dynamics. This work discussing about tuneable mechanical properties by amending the linear orientation of STW-1 and STW-2 defects at different angles in zigzag direction and armchair direction respectively. The results obtained from the present work may provide the insights in tailoring the mechanical properties by preparing defects in graphene, and give a full picture for the applications of graphene with defects in flexible electronics and nanodevices.

The formation of nanocrystalline ZnO films was confirmed by using X-ray diffraction. XRD patterns of simple glass substrate and ZnO coated glass substrates were shown in figure 3(a) and (b-d), respectively. The amorphous behavior of glass substrate with a continuous curve ~20˚ to 35˚ in 2θ range was depicted in ‘figure 3(a)’ and was clearly evidenced in ZnO coated substrates. A comparatively low intensity and broadness in diffraction peaks was observed in single layer deposited ZnO thin film ‘figure 3(b)’, which revealed that film consist of coarse fine grains with nanocrystallinity. It was observed that the peak intensities gradually increased from triple ‘figure 2(c)’ to five layers ‘figure 2(d)’ deposited ZnO thin film and hence

With advances in the scientific world, graphene was finally able to be observed through the transmission electron microscope. At first, it was a few layers of graphene, but eventually G. Ruess and F. Vogt was able to observe a single layer of graphene. In 1962, Chemist Hanns-Peter Boehm also observed graphene under an electron microscope. However, no one at that point of time knew how to extract out graphene as whenever they tried isolating or creating it; graphene always interacts with the surface and hence results in its properties being able to be measured accurately. Interestingly, despite all of this research and testing, no one actually termed the word “graphene”. It was only in 1994, after about 30 years since Boehm and his team isolated and identified graphene that he authored the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry that formally defines that these single layer carbon atoms were termed “graphene”, following the -ene suffix used for fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Hanns-Peter Boehm, 1994) (4).

Another of the technical setbacks which current nanotechnology is facing is the low efficiency of the energy storage of current devices, and its main causes are technical inconveniences and the relatively high cost of new technology. For example, Huang, X., Han, S., Huang, W., and Liu, X. (2013) indicate that the reason why current solar cells are not highly efficient is a mismatch in wavelengths of the peak of high energy emission of sunlight and the peak of high efficiency of these devices. Therefore, energy efficiency has become a new source of nanotechnology (Gauthier & Genet, 2014, p. 576). Supercapacitors and many of the electrodes are made of carbon-based materials (Liu et