ook Review: The Great Inversion and the Future of the American City

For those only weakly committed to city living, particularly middle-class people who have serious difficulty with social diversity and who have clear housing alternatives, the "problem-free" suburbs become tempting. After an incident such as a car break-in or a bicycle theft, a "last straw" can make them leave. (249)

Corporations are taking over the urban landscape. In previous years, many upper and middle class families fled to the suburbs to escape the everyday hustle of city life. However, in recent years, city living has become glamorized and thus the movement back into the city has increased. Once blighted inner-city neighborhoods are being taken over and revitalized by corporate leaders in hopes to redesign and yuppify these areas. As more money is put into the area, the higher the market value goes up and as a result, many local residents can no longer afford to live there. While these residents are pushed out, a more ‘desirable’ group of residents move in and thus, take over. This process, known as gentrification, is occurring in many cities all across the nation. In the past, displaced residents could possibly move to another area that was not undergoing this process. However, as we are seeing in Chicago, it is nearing impossibility to move to an area within the city that will not

Through a multitude of significant changes physically, conceptually, economically, and more, the societal reformation of cities in the Progressive Era had set themselves as the foundations of American civilization. The juxtaposition between the rich and poor statuses in these urban areas show the drastic separation within developing cities. Through this division caused a wide variety of living conditions, the majority of which held the overcrowded sections of cities where the population mostly stayed while the higher end communities had more luxurious lives. Through this success of entrepreneurship and economic growth from all aspects in cities, the entire landscape, both physically through innovative architecture and the perspectives outside rural and suburban areas had on them, had transformed for the better in these areas.

“I took a trip to Oakland, California and fell in love with the area. We stayed at an Air B&B for the three days of our stay and the house was absolutely beautiful, it looked like my dream home. Despite all the glitz and glamour around us we noticed a

There has been a recent phenomenon throughout the United States of gentrification. As older parts of neighborhoods are occupied by new tenants with money, the neighborhood changes and loses its old character. Those who might have lived in those neighborhoods their entire lives are pushed out as rents begin to skyrocket and the surroundings begin to change. This has happened in many neighborhoods. One of the most well known is San Francisco, where technology companies have brought in new software engineers that have caused local rents to skyrocket and people to move out of the area. However, just as importantly has been the influx of new money to Brooklyn, where local neighborhood changes have forced people from their homes, traditional music to be replaced, and old businesses to go bankrupt.

Before diving into the relevant action steps, it is important to understand the history that led to this crisis. Thompson (2010), states that after World War II, cities were highly valued and popular until conflict, poverty, and distress led to the demise of these cities; thus increasing the value of suburban

Historically, many of the suburban towns and neighborhoods around the major U.S. cities served as homes to poor and minority residents, offering cheaper living spaces due to the marginalized and inconvenient geographical locations with several negative reputations. Yet, given the big cities’ overcrowded environment and expensive living cost, these suburban areas are now popular destinations for people who seek for a less-crowded and affordable neighborhood to dwell. According to statistics by Kolko (2016), in 2015, the population of overall U.S. suburban neighborhoods increased by 159 million people, while only the total of less than 80 million

They’re noticing that the ghetto is changing. The young professionals or the college graduates are now back and cant afford to pay rent. Why because rent is increasing and the prices of co-ops and the brownstones continue to go up. Gentrification is now the new black as people and it’s now seen in almost every neighborhood in New York City. The bodegas and corner stores are now chic restaurants, bookstores, and gourmet shops are now all over town and booming. If more individuals restore several components within an area, then the process of gentrification will become more mutual in nature. However, the same process also banished many people from the vigorous working class communities. Gentrification was met with violent conflict from New York residents. Some were not happy with the new changes and wanted their old neighborhoods. But the young professionals were happy that their were changes in their neighborhood. There was a potential to raise a family of their own.

During the past few years, gentrification has been on an uprise.“Nearly 20 percent of neighborhoods with lower incomes and home values have experienced gentrification since 2000, compared to only 9 percent during the 1990s.” Gentrification is happening in areas that supposedly need a change, such as the low-income neighborhoods in New York City, Minneapolis, Seattle and Washington, D.C.Factors such as uniqueness, accessibility, the energy of the neighborhood and reasonably priced homes attract gentrifiers. It has altered many cities in the country. Gentrification can be defined as the procedure of reestablishment and remaking due to the flood of prosperous individuals into falling apart and low-income areas that frequently displaces poorer

Introduction Throughout David Hulchanski’s article, titled “The Three Cities Within Toronto,” he divides Toronto into three cities by classifying neighbourhoods according to individual income. He describes the city as dynamic, as neighbourhoods have changed through the years between the different classes. A major factor that causes this change is gentrification, where low-income neighbourhoods are renovated, which results in replacing the low-income residents with wealthier individuals. In contrast, the population of low income neighbourhoods has also increased as the population of middle-income neighbourhoods have decreased. As a result of these changes, Toronto is increasing the number of high-income neighbourhoods and low-income neighbourhoods, phasing out the middle class. Hulchanski accurately describes polarization through the process of gentrification and by creating more cost friendly neighbourhoods for families throughout Toronto.

“Just pack your stuff, baby”, the mother replied in a thick accent. Many families have been replaced in order to create a more refined neighborhood suitable to the tastes of the middle class. Benjamin Grant brings forward the idea of the positive effects of change and Barbara Eldredge presents insight to the negative effects of gentrification. Gentrification - “the arrival of wealthier people in an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property values, and changes in the district’s character and culture” became a common shift in the early 1960’s (Grant). The definition of gentrification has gone through

Gentrification was major in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some saw this as a positive since its focus was to rediscover inner-city neighborhoods, often referred to as the back-to-the-city movement (Levine, 2015). These neighborhoods were mainly homes of middle class or affluent people. This occurs “when young professionals—especially singles and childless couples—place new value on city living” (Levine, 2015).

It started with the partial integration of these “elite” groups into lower-income class neighborhoods that lived in the inner city. The integration of these higher income class people that were attracted to live in these urban clusters, triggered the shift of the local communities’ social structure. The end result was the constant rise of the prices that affected the people’s rents and the commercial services in the area which forced the original residence to leave their own homes.

Gentrification was previously supported by those with “cultural capital” in the arts; people like “artists, writers, teachers, professors.” These people specifically were the main reason that the mainstream middle class was being pushed out of their neighborhoods. Gentrification originally had been used to describe the improvements and modernization of close-to-demolished buildings. With "an increasing desire for the kind of cultural and intellectual pursuits”, it is argued that gentrifiers have been “establishing a new investment climate” that serves to create homes for middle-class caucasians, which pushes out the minorities of the surrounding area. However, this soon evolved with time, as more and more ethnic minorities and wealthy moved

As the city 's center becomes older and less desirable, the value goes down. This then attracts people who want to be centrally located, and now in the 21st century people tend to believe that the suburbs have less “character” and that most cities are considered to be “edgy” and “urban”, which is another reason as to why young, wealthy, white workers want to be located in the inner-city. Our pop culture is heavily influenced by black culture, so young people want to live where it’s hip, as well as reasonable.