philippine literature

Myths are of great importance in the Navajo community because it is believed that it was a way to connect to the Holy People. The myth helps recognize symbolized supernatural in chants, translates the meaning of songs, and explains the importance of the ritual objects (Lamphere 1969). For example, there is myth of the two heroes who had gone through some misfortunes but thanks to the supernatural’s aid, the two heroes created a

A common element found within the cultures of Mesoamerica was the way they expressed themselves, "primarily in oral modes of expression… and mute texts” (Carrasco, 47). This was observed in the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture. Although, the Olmec culture was from formative Mesoamerica and the Teotihuacan culture was from contemporary Mesoamerica there were noticeable similarities and differences between the two cultures. Evidence of influence and continuity was found linking the Olmec and Teotihuacan culture.

The, “Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers”, is a ethnography written by anthropologist Edward Schieffelin, derived from his fieldwork with the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea. The main focus of the book of the book is how many of the fundamental notions that are implicit in Kaluli culture are found in the Gisaro ceremony, which Schieffelin uses as, “a lens through which to view some of the fundamental issues of Kaluli life and society” (p1).

• the persistence of broad cultural traditions, especially in the Mesoamerican, Andean, Chinese, European, and Indian civilizations.

Their culture is usually in the form of songs. It comes through the medium of some animals, birds , or supernatural. This shows how much they loved nature.“NO, I will throw this stone in the river , and floated. “ Their culture is usually in the form of songs. It comes through the medium of some animals, birds, or supernatural beings. This shows how much they loved nature.

Throughout the history of English literature there has been a distinguished group of outcasts known as the other. The characters who are typically labeled the others are individuals that are perceived by a larger group as not belonging and are flawed in an essential way. The larger group sets the standards for what is normal and what is not. If a character is not up to par with such set forth standards they are labeled the other. The novels presented in AP English IV have contained multiple characters who became known as the others.

Cabeza de Vaca’s exploration novels recount his tales of being lost in the New World and “his complex feelings toward the Native Americans and his countrymen’s dealings with them” putting emphasis on the primitive aspects of the New World (73). He began under the leadership of Panfilo de Narváez. Out of 600 men, some were deserted, ships were wrecked, and eventually every man was for himself (72). In Cabeza de Vaca’s exploration accounts, he has minimized some affects instead of boisterous exaggerations. He ventured and found the Malhado, a people that were tall and well-built with cane through their lips “a half finger in diameter” (74). The men wore joints of cane “two and a half palms long by two fingers thick” through a nipple, sometimes two (74). He lived among the Avavares and the Arbadaos,

“Ancestral lines” by John Barker is a book about the anthropologist’s experience in the Uiaku village located in Papua New Guinea. In the first chapter, Barker tells his readers briefly about him and his education, his and his wife’s experience with the Maisin community, and talks in great detail about the Maisin and their culture in the Uiaku village.

Folklore is a term used to describe the traditional beliefs and customs that every community had which were passed down the generations through word of mouth. Each community had their own folklores whereby they used oral traditions such us proverbs, tales and poems to ensure that everyone in the community, especially the children, knew and was aware of the customs. This helped develop a sense of pride and respect for the people’s culture since they understood why some of the cultural practices were done and the consequences of going against these practices and customs. Folklores may lack substantial evidences but people still keep faith in their beliefs due to the respect and trust they have for their ancestors who were actually believed to

These were not tribes but language families that comprised many language groups. Numerous tribes also spoke languages unrelated to any of the above. These tribes are believed to have lived off the land as hunters and gathers. (4)

2. Chief Purpose: To encourage researchers, psychologists, and therapist to utilize information within the article to promote involvement with nature upon the human population. To help the human race to develop an eco-friendly environment.

The Kaluli are a small clan of indigenous people who live in the rain forests in the Southern Highlands of the Great Papuan Plateau found in Papua New Guinea. The Kaluli people’s residency includes up to twenty longhouses each with about fifteen families in them, numbering roughly to about sixty to ninety people in each longhouse. The Kaluli culture does not involve any ranked social structure or individuals with hierarchical authority over others, however relies on strong egalitarian and equal values. The purpose of this of this paper is to highlight the Kaluli people’s identity, their unique upbringing and their struggles faced by missionization. This text will first identify how Kaluli children, both male and female are socialized and encultured in different ways through the mother enforcing certain traits, attitudes, behaviors, traditions and work ethics. Secondly this text will consider how missionization, i.e. the communication of other cultures and the indoctrination of Christianity by missionaries has disrupted the Kaluli’s sense of place. It will focus on the introduction of European-based time, the introduction and demise of some types of languages and the ownership of land and identity. Thirdly this paper will discuss how the enculturation of Kaluli children differs from more civilized enculturation of children and possible reasons for this

A photograph of Earth reveals a great deal, but it does not convey the complexity of our environment. Our environment (a term that comes from the French environner, “to surround”) is more than water, land, and air; it is the sum total of our surroundings. It includes all of the biotic factors, or living things, with which we interact. It also includes the abiotic factors, or nonliving things, with which we interact. Our environment includes the continents, oceans, clouds, and ice caps you can see in the photo of Earth from space, as well as the animals, plants, forests, and farms that comprise the landscapes around us. In a more inclusive sense, it also encompasses our built

The foundation of the Philippine culture is a mixture of a variety of other cultures that has a long standing history within the

1. Read Chapter 8 of Antonio de Morga's "Events of the Philippines Islands" with the Rizal annotation. Then take one section of Chapter 8 which talks about precolonial cultures and IN YOUR OWN WORDS, discuss its significance and use to our present-day ideas of culture, history, and identify.