the 2005 Amendment of the Hindu Succession Act

Reviews the amendments of the 1868 Indian Act, highlighting the conflicts of superiority of rights to Indian men over women. Discusses the avoidance of violence and discrimination against women within communities and the need for an equal relationship between genders

As a result of these reviews, the ongoing reconstruction of the social status and roles of Hindu women has brought about many new changes in Hinduism. Some of these changes include changes in education, health measures, problems of early marriages, the positions of widows, and the representation of women in governing bodies (Desai, et al., 1995). For example, within Hinduism now,

Had these reforms been in place at the time of the Singh v R case, his defence would be rejected as the deceased had not committed a serious indictable offence. These reforms ensure that those who act out of jealousy are not provided leniency by our judicial system, whilst ensuring that those who may otherwise act out of “battered woman syndrome” are not discriminated in any way. Similarly, the Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) - Sect 13 dictates that: (3) However, conduct of the deceased consisting of a non-violent sexual advance (or advances) towards the accused— (a) is taken not to be sufficient, by itself, to be conduct to which subsection (2) (b) applies; but (b) may be taken into account together with other conduct of the deceased in deciding whether there has been an act or omission to which subsection (2) applies.

Gender inequality is displayed in many countries around the globe. In India, the society begins gendering as soon as a child is born. In most cases, the birth of a daughter is unwelcome but that of a son is celebrated. The boys are brought up bold and outgoing while the girls are expected to be at home and do chores. While the other discriminations like economic or social discriminations are present outside the home, but gender discrimination is present outside and inside households. In a familial setup, the father is the head of the family and decision maker. The mother generally performs the ‘home making’. Even if the woman is employed, she is expected to do the domestic chores, in addition to her job. Even though she earns, she does not have the freedom to plan her salary or decide anything.

The Bill introduces a very drastic change to the aforementioned provisions in Section 31 as it states that despite the circumstances when the presumption of order of death is uncertain then neither of the parties are to be presumed to have survived the other, ergo diminishing the current legal stance relating to the general rule that the younger of the parties is presumed to have survived the elder. However this change has the ability to give rights to beneficiaries in both wills rather than vesting in the younger of the two deceased persons. For example if an unmarried couple die and leave wills to each other whom failing their two children then by applying the proposed rule in the bill then both children will receive from the will rather than the younger of the deceased.

Law reform has been rather effective in catering to contemporary issues concerning family members in a equal and accessible way. Although, the effectiveness of law reform relating to family members has been slow to develop, the current quality of family law, which is guided by the means of the 1975 Family Law Act (FLA) has been affecting justice for family members. The effectiveness of family law has changed a lot over time. The legislation that has been changed to ensure the effectiveness of the family law system includes the reform of the family laws Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1999 (NSW), Family Provision Act 1982 (NSW) (now replaced by the Succession Act 2006 (NSW), Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility)

The fact that females were previously, and still are, denied human rights is quite frankly unjust and discriminatory on every level. The equality of all genders is fundamental in bridging the divide that originated many centuries ago. I feel as though it is important for all to comprehend the fact that women, in general, are just as qualified as men. Women deserve to have the same benefits that men have been granted from the beginning, especially after ongoing boycotts and fights for equality. In short, there is no logical reason why women have not had access to the same rights as men. A universal change in the way women are viewed through the law would protect women and allow them many well-deserved

In a critical analysis, India has been subjected and thrown into the fire as many continue to thrive this uphill battle of inequality and gender relation issues. Although inequality is a largely debatable issue, especially when convoluted

escalated over the years. While every country has the problem with women not having equal

This joint family, like any social organization, must face problems such as acceptable division of work, relationships and specific family roles. These familial relationships are managed on the basis of a secular hierarchical principle. In fact, all Indians owe respect and obedience to the head of the family, who usually is the father or the oldest man of the family community. In The Gift of a Bride: A Tale of Anthropology, Matrimony and Murder by Nanda and Gregg, it is explained that, “females [are] placed under the perpetual guardianship of first their fathers and elder brothers, then their husbands.” (Nanda & Gregg 22) Thus, all the spending decisions, studies and profession, or marriage, are exclusively the responsibility of the father after the possible discussions with the other men of the family. Age and sex are the basic principles of this hierarchical system. The eldest sons enjoy greater unchallenged authority than their cadets. Of course men have more authority than women, but older married women have an important role within the family. In fact, the authority of a woman depends on the rank of her husband inside the group. Traditionally, the wife of the patriarch rules over domestic affairs and has considerable power over the other women in the community, especially her daughters- in-law.

INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW REFORMS FAVORING REFORMS FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY – A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE JUSCTICE MALIMATH COMMITTEE REPORT OF 2003 AND THE JUSTICE VERMA COMMITTEE REPORT OF 2012 WOMEN

In society women are not guaranteed the same rights that men have, due to the problem that they are not viewed as equal.

Traditionally, an Indian woman had only four roles and those were; Her role as a daughter, wife, sister, and lastly, a mother. The women in today’s time however are experiencing far reaching changes and are entering into new fields that were unknown to them. They are actively participating in social, economic and political activities. Unlike the older times, women today have received higher education.

An analysis of example can be derived from the aforementioned discriminatory sexist roles in India that prior to globalization highly favored the male population verses the female population. The female population in India has previously been less than second class citizens. Indian women's cultural roles have been previously defined by traditional customs that are centuries old and no longer apply in this day and age. Previous to globalization, Indian women were to take total domestic responsibility. They were not allowed formal education as the majority of teachers and pupils were male, and the chances of a female remaining chaste was slim in those settings, and related to tradition, females

This caste system also allows patriarchal rule, which greatly limits the roles of women in, the Indian society.