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CHAPTER
Working
Memory
6
Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves
1. Using Working Memory
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working
Memory
2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory:
A Brief History
2.1. William James: Primary Memory,
Secondary Memory, and
Consciousness
2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of
Short-Term Memory
2.2.1. Brevity of Duration
2.2.2. Ready Accessibility
2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The
Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory
2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working
Memory
3. Understanding the Working Memory Model
3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn’t
3.2. The Visuospatial Scratchpad
3.3. The
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These short-term mental storage and manipulation operations are collectively called working memory. Think of working memory as involving a mental blackboard—that is, as a workspace that provides a temporary holding store so that relevant information is highly accessible and available for inspection and computation. When cognitive tasks are accomplished, the information can be easily erased, and the process can begin again with other information.
1.1. A Computer Metaphor
The computer, so useful a metaphor in cognitive psychology, offers an intuitively appealing model for thinking about the nature and structure of working memory.
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1. Using Working Memory
Simplifying the workings of a computer, there are two means by which information is stored, the hard disk and random-access memory (RAM). The hard disk is the means by which information is stored permanently in a stable and reliable form; all software programs, data files, and the operating system of the computer are stored on the hard disk. To use this stored information you must retrieve it from the hard disk and load it into RAM. Now for the analogy: the information stored in the hard disk is like long-term memory, RAM corresponds to working memory. The notion of working memory as a temporary workspace
c) The memory chip reply with the data from the demanded memory position on the data bus.
RAM (Random Accesses Memory): RAM is used by CPU when a computer is running to store the information that it needs to be used very quickly but it does not store any information permanently.
4. Which of the following answers are true about random-access memory (RAM) as it is normally
Random Access Memory (RAM) - the storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary. It disappears from the RAM as soon as the power to the computer is
List and describe at least three types of storage that is typically included in all computer systems.
RAM: RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is a bit like a person's short-term memory. RAM is volatile so data only exists only when the computer is turned on, and is used by the operating system and other applications.
Irregular Access memory is inside the PC which store the information and work with capacity memory to make lessen less and influence space for essential things to like record and documents in light of the fact that for individual protection.
The sw or store word does the reverse and stores the data in $t6 in the specified memory location.
a File or space on the hard drive where data from RAM is "swapped" in order to preserve space.
Flash memory is a solid-state drive (SSD) that maintains data storage without moving parts, even
Your hard drives are what store all of your data, ranging from your operating system to your documents, music, and movies. If the RAM is your computer's short-term memory, your hard drive is the long-term memory. It stores the things you want to keep around for a while.
74. Raymond remembers, “When I was a sophomore, I took the hardest physics test of my life, and I was happy with my C.” This memory represents a(n)
George A. Miller, one of the founders of cognitive psychology, is considered a pioneer who recognized that the human mind can be understood by using an information-processing model. Miller was also a leader in the story short-term memory. In Miller’s most famous article, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” remains one of the most frequently cited papers in the field of psychology. In his article, Miller proposed that short-term memory is subject to certain limits, including the span of information that can be stored at a given time. provides evidence for the capacity of short term memory.
Strategies and devices that help us remember information that requires effortful processing are: encoding its meaning, visualizing, and mentally organizing the
This information and instructions for the CPU are stored in Random Access Memory (RAM). This memory is the next hardware component for a bare bones PC referred to as the main memory. The CPU has direct access to any instructions for programs to be executed that are in the main memory and only in the main memory. The main memory is volatile which means it can only store data or instructions when the computer is powered on. The device that stores data when the PC is powered off is the hard drive. It is the computers primary method of storage. Another way it stores memory is through the floppy drive. This form of memory is removable.